International Financial Markets and Institutions 2 Essay

International Financial Markets and Institutions 2 - Essay Example The price at which the asset or a bond may be traded at expiration is called an exercise price or strike price. A call option is an option granting the right to buy an underlying asset. A call option on a bond would mean that the bond issuer has the option to buy back the bond at a certain price after the expiration of a certain time period. A put option is an option granting the right to sell an underlying asset. In this case, a bond investor has the right to sell back the bond at a certain price after the expiration of a certain time period. (Chance, 2009) An option is generally considered to be in-the-money when exercising the option would result in a positive cash inflow. Therefore, call options are considered to be in-the-money for the bond investor when the value of the underlying asset exceeds the exercise price. This way, if the underlying bond is bought at the exercise price, it can be sold at the market value to make positive cash inflow if delivery is term of contract and be simply a positive settlement in case cash settlement is the term of contract. A put option is considered to be in-the-money for the bond issuer when the value of the bond is lower than the exercise price. (Chance, 2009) There are three measures to calculate the yield of any bond with an attached option: yield to maturity, yield to call and yield to put. Yield to maturity measure assumes that the bond will be held to maturity and that any option on the bond will not be exercised. This means that the yield to maturity measure on a callable or putable bond is the same as the yield to maturity on a simple bond with no options. The yield to maturity is, therefore, the ‘interest rate that will make the present value of a bond’s cash flows equal to its market price plus accrued interest’. Hence, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is calculated for all the expected positive cash flows (including interest and the face value of the bond receivable at maturity) and the ne gative cash flow (purchase price of the bond). This gives us the yield to maturity. ‘A callable bond may have a call schedule. The yield to call assumes that the issuer will call a bond on some assumed call date and that the call price is the price specified in the call schedule’ (Fabozzi, 2009). You can use the yield to call concept to calculate the yield to first call or yield to next call or yield to first par call or a yield to refunding. The yield to call is calculated in the same way as any other yield. In this case we assume the call date to be the maturity date and then use the cash inflows and outflows to get the IRR and define the yield to call. The yield to put is the ‘interest rate that will make the present value of the cash flows to the first put date equal to the price plus accrued interest’ (Fabozzi, 2009). Once again, this measure assumes that the bond will be put at the first put date. Therefore, the schedule is used to identify the value of bond at the put date and calculate cash inflows and outflows. These are then used to obtain the IRR or the yield measure. Question2 You have been appointed as the Business analyst at an international fund management firm. As part of your role, you are required to prepare a report covering the following areas: a. How the Internet, and technological advances in computing power and communications affects: I. The provision of domestic and global banking products and services II. The degree of competition in the world’

Ghandi Case Essay Example for Free

Ghandi Case Essay Ghandi was cool and liked cats one time he was chilling with his cat foo foo ba mo mo and it totally attacked his foot and he was like ow that hurt bad kitty and he smacked his cat but then he felt really bad so he ran fast to the gas station that also sold cat toys and other various pet items and bought him a lovley cat toy made of the finest lace and cat nip. Well after that the cat was very happy and danced around to thriller by micheal jackson becuase he was a little stoned after all that cat nip so he chilled for a while but then he really had the muchies and was graving taco bell, NOT TIME, taco time is over priced and not even that good, anyways he got his reallly cool motor scooter and hauled ass to america becuase india is so cheap to have anything as awesome as taco bell and he got a job doing tricks to earn the money he needed and after that he made it to america and ate a nachoes supreme and was super stoked but totally had the worst cotten mouth so he was in a mad dash to find the nearest seven eleven becuase they had this new flavor of slushie that sounded really dank at the time it was like watermelon or somehting i dont even know but after a while of catting around he located one and went in and had like two dollars so he had to buy a small

Essay --

In this essay I will be talking about the 4 factors of production and the production possibility frontier and why some economies operate within the production possibility frontier and factors that cause the Production Possibility Frontier to shift outwards making the economy more efficient. The four factors of production are land, labour, capital and enterprise. Land is the natural resources available for production. Some nations are lucky enough to have the resources within their country and don’t have to import resources, for example oil or copper. Land: Nothing is free, except the air we breathe. The rest are scarce, because there are not enough natural resources in the world to satisfy the demands of consumers and producers. That is the economic problem, people’s wants are never-ending but the resources are insufficient to fulfil their demands. Air is classified as a free good since consumption by one person does not reduce the air available for others - a free good does not have an opportunity cost. Labour: The human input into the production process. â€Å"In the UK, of about 59 million inhabitants only approximately 35 million are of working age (16-64 years for men and 16-59 for women), and of those about 28 million have paid jobs.†- (Tutor2u, N.D) Owners of businesses prefer their workers to be motivated, meaning that they have the desire to work effectively and in reward wither benefit from extra pay or fringe benefits. The more produced by the labour force, the higher the Gross Domestic Product. Capital: â€Å"Capital has several meanings - including the finance raised to operate a business. But normally the term capital means investment in goods that can produce other goods in the future.† – (Tutor2u, N.D) Capital refers t... ...ficient. In conclusion, as a country works towards shifting the production possibility frontier outwards, the economy benefits by the fact that more jobs are being created as more products are being supplied. With the improvement of technology countries can exploit their resources more efficiently which causes more production, with more production come more sales and with more sales or exports there might eventually be an increase in economic growth. However, with more production come more external costs like pollution. Identifying and estimating a monetary value for air pollution can be very difficult to do but is important for economists concerned with the impact of economic activity on our environment. Besides the externalities, shifting the production possibility frontier outwards will create more jobs in the economy and that is a very good thing indeed.

Art History :: essays research papers

EXTERNAL HISTORY: .Considered along with LAS MENINAS to be one of the most important masterpieces of DIEGO DE VELAZQUUEZ , as if final perido,this metological scene despits Minerra ´s dispute with Arachne over weaving abilities.Traditionally cosidered to represent women working at the tapestry workshop of Santa Isable but it now prored that it is mythological subject.It was probably painted around 1657.The title of "THE SPINNERS",as it ispopularly known,is a later invention and seems to have been inspired by the women who are spinning in the foreground they were workers in the Santa Isabel tapestry factory in Madrid.This Velazquez painting, considered for a long represent a generic theme,actually hides the depiction of a mythological theme draped in the everyday labour of a tapstry workshop.In the mid forties,sepcialists refused to interpet it as a simple every day scen.Their doubt were clarified when reearcher Maria Luisa Caturla brought to light aninventory in which an unknowed Velazquez ´s Fable of Arachae was mentioned,owned by huntsman to King Philip 4th,Don Pedro de Arcc.One of the problems that hindired the identification of the subject lay in the fact that the work did not belong to collections and documentary information existed about it. INTERNAL HISTORY: The Fable of Archa,as related in Ovid ´s Metamorphoese,tells how Minerva,goddess of the arts and of war,competes with Arachne,famous for her skill in spinning in weaving a tapestry.The young spinner was insolent enough to prevent in her work one of the love advantures of the goddess father Jove,and by way of punishment,she was transformed into a spider. ICONOGRAPHY: Even so,Velazquez had used Baroque recourse of inserting a picture within a picture since he was a youngman, and he linked to reverse the order of important of the story(i.e putting the trivial forward and the fundamental behind) This canvas was added onto it in the 18th century,on the upper part and both sides.It is not know if this aws done to restore it to its original state (it was thought to have suffered damage in the Alcazar fire of 1734) or if it was simply and attempt to complete the scene to make it larger.Certain scholar say it is an Apology of fine arts,intended to show the superiority of the art of painting over the hand crafts, while others see it a Political Allegory after Ripa ´s Iconology. TECHNIQUE: The Spinning wheels turns rapidily showing the loose Velazquez technique.The canvas was probable damaaged by the fire in the Alcazar(1734) and an upper s

My Week as a Room-Service Waiter at the Ritz – Customer Service that Puts the “Ritz” in Ritzy

The phrase â€Å"the customer is never wrong,† has been attributed to Cesar Ritz, the founder of the Ritz-Carlton empire. Needless to say, the man knew from customer service. How does this luxury hotel keep its customers content—and coming back?Paul Hemp, a senior editor at Harvard Business Review, stepped into the shoes of a Ritz-Carlton room-service waiter to find out. One observation: Empowering your employees to provide top-notch customer service is not enough. You must also inspire them to exercise that power. by Paul Hemp  Reflecting on the experienceOne element of the Ritz-Carlton training is a follow-up session, known as Day 21. It typically takes place about three weeks after the initial orientation. The aim is to review the Gold Standards after new employees have had a chance to put them into practice. Though I didn't work the full twenty-one days, I sit in on the half-day session (which, amidst the frenzy of the hotel's early months, actually takes place on the 49th day after our orientation). Training director Tim Kirkpatrick starts with another mock lineup.He discusses the new-employee job certification test that department managers should have administered. He announces a new guest recognition hotline, which employees can use to call in guest preferences. And he unveils an updated version of the company's principles, now in the form of a three-dimensional pyramid. This supplements the existing Gold Standards with an additional category of seven â€Å"key success factors. † But for staff to delight customers, managers must do more than grant their employees the freedom to do what is necessary; they must motivate employees to exercise that freedom.— Paul Hemp Employees are asked about their experiences on the job. Erin Garrity, the new front-desk clerk from Johnson & Wales, is disappointed she has been assigned the overnight shift but looks on the bright side. â€Å"I get to see a lot of celebrities† at that time , she says. Her goal for the year is to be named one of the hotel's select five-star employees, and she intends to continue being the â€Å"friendliest person I can be. † John Rolfs reinforces his message from orientation that our sole job is to â€Å"make guests feel good so they come back.â€Å"The hotel's 320 employees have countless interactions with guests, he says, and it takes just one interaction to make a guest feel bad. â€Å"If you're thinking about doing your job well, trying to understand and master your day-to-day routines but not thinking about how guests feel, they'll have a difficult time forgiving you. They'll probably forgive us if the air-conditioning fails. But they won't forgive us for failing to make them feel good—because that's why they selected Ritz-Carlton. † Tim's final announcement concerns the results of the first monthly Gallup survey of Ritz-Carlton guests, released to managers earlier that day.The Ritz-Carlton/Boston Common lea ds the company's hotels in overall customer satisfaction. There is a stunned silence—after all, this is a new hotel still smoothing out the rough spots—followed by loud applause. As I leave the hotel and walk across the Boston Common in the gathering dusk, I reflect on what I've learned about teaching and motivating employees to provide truly memorable service. One thing seems clear. Great customer service should be based on dynamic principles rather than a rigid formula.You don't demand that employees say, â€Å"Certainly, my pleasure,† until it feels right to them. You don't mindlessly assume every guest wants to be pampered; some people just want to eat their dinners. I also ponder Ritz-Carlton's efforts to win the hearts and minds of its employees by, for example, making them feel part of a proud heritage. A recent study of hotel workers by researchers at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration found that, while job satisfaction plays a major role in employ ee retention, it isn't the key factor in a hotel's ability to provide excellent customer service.Rather, it is employees' emotional commitment—which is achieved in part through symbols and rituals that enhance employees' sense of identity with the company—that contributes most to superior performance. Ritz Carlton certainly has an unusually rich tradition to draw on in creating that feeling of identity. But every company, even a two-year-old startup, has traditions and even legends that can be tapped to help build employee commitment. Great customer service should be based on dynamic principles rather than a rigid formula.— Paul Hemp That kind of commitment serves as a driver of excellent customer service only when employees are empowered to take initiative. And that sort of empowerment has no potency unless employees are motivated to seize it. I am haunted by my failure to point out the confusing bin numbers on the hotel wine list, which led my guest to mistake nly order that half-bottle of burgundy. Certainly, I was encouraged during my time at the hotel to point out problems that needed fixing. Why didn't I follow through in this case? I'm not sure.But for staff to delight customers, managers must do more than grant their employees the freedom to do what is necessary; they must motivate employees to exercise that freedom. Doing that depends in part on the kinds of people you hire. Ritz-Carlton has an elaborate system for assessing in job candidates the qualities the company believes are crucial to its success. One night while I was working at the hotel, I went through the basic interview to see how I'd do. I was fairly confident I was just the sort of caring, conscientious person the Ritz was looking for.In fact, though, even after fudging my answers to a few questions, I got only ten points out of a possible fifteen in the composite hospitality assessment. Tim said that wasn't bad—†though, honestly, we'd shoot for someone w ith a twelve. † I later discovered that I fell short in my response to a question asking me to cite an instance when I took care of someone else. I said I'd often provided emotional support to my sister during tough times. But the company was looking for something more than this, an â€Å"extraordinary† example of caring. â€Å"Helping your sister? You better,† Tim said with a laugh.â€Å"Now, if you'd moved out of your house for a month and let her move in, that would be different. † Since instituting its candidate assessment system in 1991, Ritz Carlton says it has reduced its annual turnover rate from 55%, roughly the industry average, to 28%. Certainly, a genuine concern for the well-being of guests is key to providing superior customer service. But that isn't enough to truly anticipate customer needs. Another component of the Ritz Carlton's hospitality assessment is empathy—being able to imagine guests' emotional responses to their experience i n the hotel.I am reminded of Steve's care in preparing the champagne setting for the newlyweds that night and how he thought back to his grandparents' wedding seventy-five years before. To truly achieve empathy, however, I wonder if you need to jettison at least some of your personal perspective. One of John Rolfs's comments during the Day 21 session—about the dangers of employees focusing solely on the successful fulfillment of their duties—resonated with my experience as a waiter.If you're constantly assessing how well you're doing in your job—even in your genuine efforts to satisfy guests—you, not the guest, become the point of reference. Your self-consciousness, natural though it may be, distracts you from providing superior service. It's getting dark. And this train of thought risks hurtling far beyond the practical demands of a frenetic evening of room service. But, when you get down to it, my musings don't seem all that far from the Ritz-Carlton ph ilosophy.Companies dedicated to providing what might be called â€Å"extreme† customer service may need to recognize that—like great military, government, or religious service—it is, in the end, a truly selfless endeavor. They may need to establish such practices as the formal inculcation of a customer-centered credo. They might even consider providing workers with a weeklong immersion in the experience of being a customer! Whatever the means, the aim would be getting employees to leave their egos at the door and adopt the mind-set of the people they're serving.

Wuthering Heights and The Color Purple Essay Example

Wuthering Heights and The Color Purple Essay Example Wuthering Heights and The Color Purple Essay Wuthering Heights and The Color Purple Essay you black, you pore, you ugly, you a woman. Goddam, you nothing at all. Each word here is delivered as an insult, growing in intensity, the crowning insult being that she is a woman. That is how black woman where treated. Men at those times wanted woman to be like their slaves, and this is reflected on Harpo, Mr-s son when he tries to make Sophia, his wife, mind by beating her. The funny part is that Sofia is much stronger than him and wins most of the fights. In this novel outsiders are often treated badly because of false impressions or false ideas on them. For example when Shug Avery became sick nobody in this town wants to take the Queen Honeybee in. Everyone is afraid of her because they believe that Shug has the nasty woman disease. This false statement was lead to be believed because everyone believed that Shug was a slut, hussy, heifer and streetcleaner. But still in the meantime the men love Shug because of her singing, but could not dare to take in a social outsider when she wanted help fearing of the shame that will fall on their family if they did. Again Celie is an outsider in her new home. She spent her wedding day running from the oldest boy, who laid my [Celies] head open. She has a brutal wedding life, being constantly in torment from Mr. , until Shug saves her from him. Social outsider were often black, and if you where a woman it would be worse. Sofia was brutally abused in prison because she punched the mayor and because she was a black woman. No one cared about the insult she received from the mayors wife, ordering her to be her maid. Blacks were treated infernally even with Mr. . Mr. is in good terms with the Sheriff because his son Bub if often on prison. Still because Mr. is back he is has a lower status just long as Mr. know he colored. . Another example of black infernality is Mary Agnes. She is raped by the warden because she was black, and no one could do anything about it. Another example of outsider is the Olinka tribe in Africa. The white people living there treats the Olinka as if they where outsider from a different world. They stole their lands and killed many of the people there. Tashi did not want to marry Adam because she feared when she goes to America she will be treated infernally because she thinks she is an outsider to them, and that the scares on her face will be her source of embracement. Both novels put emphasis on economic independence. Both novels find love as a powerful force and end with conquering and banishing the idea of outsiders, and the remaining character live in harmony learning from the mistakes of the older generation about treating outsiders cruelly. However, a lasting impression of both novels is a vivid sense of the cruelty and injustice suffered by social outsiders.

The Rivals Relationship Between Jack and Sir Anthony Essays

The Rivals Relationship Between Jack and Sir Anthony Essays The Rivals Relationship Between Jack and Sir Anthony Essay The Rivals Relationship Between Jack and Sir Anthony Essay The use of pre-modifiers in Sir Anthony Insults gives added effect to them why, you unfeeling, insensible puppy This makes his speech more angered and therefore giving humor to his quick temper. The change In the way Sir Anthony addresses Jack O Jack! with you puppy! gives a comedic effect, also the use of pronoun You when angered shows the change of bonding to singling out Jack and adds effect to the Insults. In the deep descriptions of Lydia, Sir Anthony speech uses alliteration with polysyllabic wording and pre-modifiers Her cheeks! Her cheeks Jack! So deeply blushing Gives humor when the UN-provoking response from Jack, If I please you in this affair, its all I desire contrasts with quick tempered Insults l despise you from Sir Anthony. Humor Is also shown In the contradiction of Sir Anthony, which Is pointed out by Jack. Jacks agreement to marry anyone of his fathers choosing to please him angers Sir Anthony, Yet contradicts himself. When I ran away with your mother, I would not have touched anything old or ugly to gain and empire. Not to please your father, sir? To please my father! Sees yes! If my father Indeed had desired. This adds to the humor of Sir Anthony quick temper, which Is not even Justified. The scene Is overall humors; this Is done by Sir Anthony quick, unprovoked change In temper, created by the Juxtaposition of phonological, monosyllabic wording and exclaimed sentences describing Jack with the polysyllabic, lists of Lydia appearance. The Rivals Relationship Between Jack and Sir Anthony By m anaging sibilants such as Sierra and Stock adds to the phonological effects of Sir Anthony beech. The use of pre-modifiers in Sir Anthony insults gives added effect to them therefore giving humor to his quick temper. The change in the way Sir Anthony adds effect to the insults. In the deep descriptions of Lydia, Sir Anthony speech uses alliteration with polysyllabic wording and pre-modifiers Her cheeks! Her cheeks Jack! So deeply blushing Gives humor when the UN-provoking response from Jack, If I please you in this affair, its all I desire contrasts with quick tempered insults l despise you from Sir Anthony. Humor is also shown in the contradiction of Sir Anthony, which is pointed out by Jack. Jacks agreement to marry anyone of his To please my father! Yes yes! If my father indeed had desired. This adds to the humor of Sir Anthony quick temper, which is not even Justified. The scene is overall humors; this is done by Sir Anthony quick, unprovoked change in temper, created by the Juxtaposition of phonological, monosyllabic wording and exclamation sentences describing Jack with the polysyllabic, lists of Lydia appearance.

buy custom Multimedia in Science Mathematics Education essay

buy custom Multimedia in Science Mathematics Education essay What is Multimedia? Multimedia generally refers to a computer-based interactive process of communication. The use of multimedia in education provides not only variety but also dynamism and easy establishment of rapport through collaboration. But most importantly, multimedia use is non-linear, that is, allows for the use of different multimedia tools and other forms of communication such as sounds, texts, animation, graphics, pictures and video. This is the integrative aspect of multimedia. This facilitates the incorporation of selected topics and visual illustrations in different formats like charts and animations using multimedia tools. The Best Multimedia and Technology Use in Classrooms A lot of students still find difficulty in learning math and science. The decline in the numbers of college graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) disciplines in the US, for instance, is partly attributed to the weak performance of the US children in international assessment of science and math (Thiel et al, 2008). While personal aptitude can be part of the problem, it is also due to insufficient or poor teaching-learning environment. One solution to this is the use of interactive and effective multimedia software. As education evolves, a number of researches have been carried out, linking the human cognitive process with the use of multimedia in order to improve performance in these subjects. It is considered very important that individual learning traits be taken into consideration if every student is to be helped acquire knowledge. Unfortunately, due to big classrooms, high number of students, limited teacher time, this is usually difficult. To solve this problem, it has been argued that interactive multimedia can facilitate individualized instructions to students, and can help those who find it hard to learn by conventional means. This has effectively been used to teach other subjects, including mathematics. The performance of learning is influenced by the interaction between ones cognitive style and the instructional materials used, including the content type and mode of presentation. Adopting methods which suit the students specific learning styles helps the students acquire a positive attitude toward the taught subject, thereby improving performance (Burke and Dunn, 2003; Ford and Chen, 2001). The success of a teacher is measured by his/her ability to engage the students in the learning process in a way that excites and encourages them to be curious for learning. When students take active part in constructing new ideas from their experiences, interpretations and interactions with teachers and peers they easily acquire expert understanding of concepts of mathematics and science. Although it is hard to pinpoint a particular multimedia and technology as the best for teaching Mathematics and Science, as these tools do complement each other, the key characteristic(s) of the tools used must be their ability to facilitate interactive learning. This involves project based learning (providing in-depth insight into mathematics and science and facilitates critical thinking); solving real-world problems (facilitates investigative processing of information for finding solutions to problems through discrepant events/experiments and case studies in math). In Mathematics, some of this interactive multimedia includes application packages such as search engines (internet), word processing packages, presentation software, spreadsheets, drill-and-practice software. Other programs such as simulation programs, Java applets, et cetera. In science, theses include the use of technology tools such as models of scientific processes such as protein folding, simulations and virtual labs, video conferencing, e mail and other collaborative tools. Some of these integrative multimedia and technology include; a) Podcasting. Today, students daily use Podcast tools: smart phones, ipods, etc. Integrating these tools in teaching math and science will facilitate using digital devices for mobile and/or student learning. b) Online tools. These tools provide great advantages to math and science teachers as they help the students acquire and further their knowledge through Web 2.0 tools. They facilitate learning by and interaction between students through language skills, inquiring, investigating, hypothesizing, theorizing and efforts to explain findings. c) Modeling and Simulations tools. These facilitate viewing real-world processes and stimulate further understanding. These include; i. MathMol (for molecular modeling). ii. YASARA (a windows program for simulation and modeling, molecular graphics). d) Interactive whiteboard are portable, easy to install, and can work on literally any flat surface. This facilitates easy updating and utilization of existing equipment at low costs. Teacher Competencies The key to helping and guiding students through proper acquisition of technology knowledge is the classroom teacher. It is the teacher who establishes the right classroom setting and prepares the opportunities that facilitate the students utilization of technology in learning, as well as communicating (UNESCO, 2008). It is therefore of key importance that the classroom teachers are well prepared and equipped with the skills through which to provide the right opportunities for their students. In 2008, the United Nations Educational, Science and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) published ICT Competency Standards for Teachers. In this publication, UNESCO sought to provide a working curriculum framework. This framework set out to; a) Address the underlying Policy Framework, (UNESCO, 2008) b) Examine educational reform components. c) Develop a matrix of skill modules for teachers which correspond to various approaches of policy and components of education reform, (UNESCO, 2008). d) Describe in detail the specific skills that teachers would be needed to acquire within each skill module. The Curriculum Framework This framework is divided into three main levels of education reform, which are based on the development of human capacity: technology literacy, deepening of knowledge and the creation of knowledge. Each of these levels is discussed under the six major components of a sound educational system: policy, pedagogy, curriculum, organization, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and teacher training (UNESCO, 2008). a) Technology Literacy. Teachers must have basic digital literacy skills and be able to select and appropriately use educational tutorials, drill-and-practice, web content and games in computer labs or with only limited classroom resources in order to complement the objectives of standard curriculum, approaches to assessment, unit plans and deducting methods of teaching, (UNESCO, 2008). The teachers must also be aware of the policy objectives and goals of technology literacy. They should in-turn be able to identify the corresponding components of education reform policies/ programs. b) Knowledge Deepening. Here, teachers are expected to be able to manage information, to structure problem-solving tasks, and integrate software tools and subject-specific tasks by using student-centered methods of teaching and projects in which students collaborate in order to facilitate their in-depth understanding of principle concepts and applications to solving real-world problems. (UNESCO, 2008). c) Knowledge Creation. The purpose of this policy is to increase productivity by providing technology knowledge to students, and ultimately a workforce that is perpetually engaged in creation and innovation of knowledge from which they all can benefit. Teachers should take the first strides by creating/designing new ICT-based resources for learning; to facilitate knowledge creation and skills for critical thinking by designing appropriate and relevant classroom activities that facilitate the achievement of these goals. Examples of Best Practices Best practices refer to the multimedia actions undertaken by individuals in mathematics, science or technological fields that enhance good moral values to the individuals practicing them. In this case, we examine two major examples of best practices that are special to both mathematics and science fields. These include the technology and multiple intelligences employed in logical or mathematics. Technology and Multiple Intelligence used in Logical or Mathematics The number smart individuals learn using numbers, reasoning and problem solving. Through the implementation of multimedia in multiple Intelligence, the students and other people are able to establish and operate visuals and develop mental images from many perspectives. The technology involved at this point is the use of computers and videos (Burke and Dunn, 2003; Ford and Chen, 2001). Therefore, the students are able to measure, weight, calculate and organize data in mathematical problems. The multiple intelligence through the influence of multimedia, in this, the computer, gives the students the opportunity to develop or operate data they find in the internet. This also applies when these students are provided with the video camera to record their scientific experiment (David, -2011). This is an example of the best practice in mathematics field that promotes good values to the students because it makes the students to enjoy what they are doing especially in data collection, carrying out experiments and solving problems. Through the use of computers as a multimedia practice, the students are create, databases, spreadsheets, charts, and more other data organization and project calculations that are a contribution to a group. The following diagram illustrates a student using computers to solve mathematical problem. Through this practice, the students take pleasure in problem solving, predicting, measuring, experimenting, preedicting, classifying and collection of data in research projects. I like this value because it helps the students perform excellently in their academics. Therefore, the teachers are advised to employ this system to the students and encourage them to employ other intelligences in the data sharing like creating an analogy or debating an issue. Some of the technology tools employed includes the following (Burke and Dunn, 2003; Ford and Chen, 2001). The calculation tool (spreadsheet), multimedia authoring that shows results and animates (hyperstudio), scientific equipments, graphing calculators and software, video tape for experiments, demonstrations and data gathering among other tools. Link: http://eduscapes.com/tap/topic68c.htm Employing Multimedia in Personal Development Plan When planning for the personal development strategy, I bare in mind Winston Churchills quote, He who fails to plan, is planning to fail. According to several researches, writing down your personal goals has several advantages in measuring effect and raising the likelihood to succeed. There are three main reasons I had to develop my personal plan with the help of multimedia. Clarity this is where I am able to recognize what am doing and try to accomplish it thus giving me a clear picture of what Im working on. Define the why most of the time, I will come across certain situation and tasks along the way that I will not enjoy to do. The only thing that will motivate me to do it is when I define why I am doing it and I will be able to get focused. Through the multimedia and the internet, I am able to acquire inspirational development quotes that will keep me moving. My compass because I am a very ambitious and driven person, I just have to plan what I am trying to achieve in order to remain focused on my target or direction. This will keep me headed towards reaching my goals. After understanding, the three main factors that make me plan, I now move ahead to plan what I have to achieve during my course (David, 2011). These include; Establishing competency Managing emotions Attaining autonomy and interdependence Establishing mature interpersonal relationships Developing integrity Developing purpose I am sure with the help of multimedia like the video tapes, documentaries, and special inspirational quotes I will make it. Link: http://sidsavara.com/personal-development/personal-development-plan Future In order to lay down the long-term goals or dreams, I must be sure with what I want to be in life. This is what will guide me to establish the long-term goals. Just as we know, success needs well calculated goal (Dave, 1999). For example, if I plan to be an engineer in future, I must lay down the short-term goals of working hard and passing in the necessary subjects that will enable me to pursue engineering. This means that goal calculation is not dreaming, it is all about passion and hard work. Through employing computers and iphones or ipads, I am able to be updated on all the details entailed in engineering course and through inspirational quotes by some engineers on the internet, I am able to remain focused and be able to achieve what I want in life (Burke and Dunn, 2003; Ford and Chen, 2001). This also includes, having role models or mentors in life that we admire that we may strive to reach where they are. The best way I have to go about it is by writing down what I want, and w rite down how I plan to get there. This will help me meet my purpose in life. Therefore, in order to achieve my future plans, I have to pay attention to the following steps. My purpose in life- what exactly I want in life My dreams these are the long term goals that inspire me to accomplish my short term goals My believes and values what I stand for is final and possibly what I wish my actions showed me to remain focused to My ideal self having a clear description of the person I want to be; how I live, how I relate, associate with friends, how I act and react to situations and maybe how I respond to criticism. This is what will keep me moving towards my dream (David, 2011) Mistakes and lessons- how I tackle my mistakes and how I will avoid their reoccurrence. The lessons I learn through my mistakes and other peoples mistakes. All these I write down because there are a lot that people learn from their experiences and from other peoples. Success and milestones- the way I identify and try to mend my mistakes is the same way I celebrate my successes. This is where multiple intelligence and technology is highly required. Mathematical concepts are very hard and failing them means failing to meet my dream (Chong, Sharaf Jacob, 2005). Therefore, I have to employ the multimedia system in classroom concepts in order to reach my long-term goals. Sciences also play a major role because science and technology are consistent and their innovations are alike. All of them attempt s to modify the world and make our lives easier. Since the engineering field involves machines and very complicated technological equipments, I must employ the use of multimedia like viewing engineering movies, machines in the internet and machines available in companies in order to keep myself updated with the course (Burke and Dunn, 2003; Ford and Chen, 2001). For example, see the following diagram showing technological machines in a company and how complicated they are! Buy custom Multimedia in Science & Mathematics Education essay

Research Unilever and Proctor and Gamble Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Research Unilever and Proctor and Gamble - Essay Example The research aims to bring forth the comparison and contrast of the above principles between the two organizations, Unilever and Proctor and Gamble. Major similarities and differences would be brought forth between the two organizations on the two principles. Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management- Comparison and Contrasts between Unilever and Proctor and Gamble (P&G) Division of work Division or specialization of work is chosen as the first topic to compare between the two organizations. In Proctor and Gamble, division of labor has begun right from the beginning of the company. Since the mid 1850s the company has reinforced division of labor with the initiation of moving operations to Western Row. While Proctor handled the financials and sales, Gamble supervised the factory productions. Now it is seen that the company has four major pillars which account for the main corporate structure of the organization, namely, the global business units, market development organizations, cor porate functions and the global business services (P&G, 2011). The division of labour in Unilever can also be seen from the fact that labor is employed in such activities like food production, distribution, and marketing etc. Its labor division strategies are also seen to be aimed at increasing employment and generating job opportunities. For example, in Indonesia, while the company employs 5000 individuals, an estimate of 300,000 more jobs were supported both in the fields of production as well as distribution (Pfitzer & Krishnaswamy, 2007, p.7). Despite the fact that both organizations demonstrate division of labour as a main component of their corporate structure, however, the degree or extent of specialization and division of tasks is much more in Proctor and Gamble in comparison to Unilever. This is because it represents a highly bureaucratic structure characterized by an authority hierarchy, explicit rules, clear division of labor and impersonality (Andersen & Taylor, 2010, p. 141). On the other hand, there is less labor division in Unilever, which emphasizes more on maintaining a geographical structure where the head in each geographic region is responsible for maintaining profitability in the region while the country managers are responsible for the local sales and marketing of products. Rather it can be said that Unilever reflects both of a geographic as well as a multidivisional structure. In fact now it is even recommended that the company implements a matrix structure in order to tightly coordinate between the geographic regions and the various specializations or divisions (Hill, 2008, p.197). Centralization According to Fayol centralization is considered essential for all organizations and is said to occur as a natural consequence of the organizat

Why did the 2007 financial crisis spread so quickly and so far Essay

Why did the 2007 financial crisis spread so quickly and so far - Essay Example The crisis also led to the global recession in 2008 following its effects on international trade (Acharya & Matthew, 2009). The financial crisis is believed to be as a result of increased values of securities related to the United States of Americas in the stock market. The increase on the securities was as a result of the housing bubble which reached its optimum in 2006, affecting many financial institutions worldwide. Therefore, the crisis was a result of a complicated interplay between policies that enabled home ownership through the provision of cheaper loans to potential home buyers. Subprime mortgages were hence overvalued based on the presumption that real estate prices would continue to escalate. The global stock markets suffered heavily when real estate securities suffered large losses as a result of declining credit availability and dented investor confidence. Most economies globally slowed down during this period as a result of credit unavailability and a decline in international trade (Caballero, Pierre-Olivier & Emmanuel, 2008). The financial crisis was primarily an internal problem in the United States of America. The crisis began as a subprime crisis in the country in 2007 and spread over to other advanced countries. The crisis commenced with an enormous real estate asset bubble. Housing prices dramatically escalated in the United States with mortgage rates lower than normal mainly because of the Federal Reserve lowering the federal funds. Federal funds are the rate at which financial institutions lend each other overnight (Ely, 2009). In order to avoid losses, mortgage lenders have traditionally been very strict in scrutinizing the eligibility of a citizen in terms of repaying the loan. However, this did not happen in the United States of America when there was widespread securitization. Securitization allowed banks to lend mortgage loans to many jobless individuals with no income or assets at all. Loan regulators also authorized

OSHA Case Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OSHA Case Summary - Assignment Example Setting standards refers to an act of establishing one or more clear-cut score(s) on a test. The standards constitute informed ideas that are distinct and significant in their applications. An act of setting would include approving, rejecting, adjusting or implementing an action plan. Enforcing standards would mean executing the strategies as laid by the body concerned. Despite the fact that standard setting a purely procedural course, it ideally comprises strategy fabricators, test developers, and capacity experts early ensuring that the test outcomes is convenient and defensible. A proper guideline would suppress any form of unethical or rather unsafe behavior in an organization (Bejar, 2008). A well-structured institution has no room for tolerance of any weird characters within its premises. Training involves a practical application of procedures and theories. In any organization, a leader has a mandate of providing his/her employees with skills that suit their areas of duties. Workers need applied knowledge concerning their fields of actions to avoid committing faults because of insufficient drilling. Training may take a form of seminars and conferences. Trained worker understands all details relating to their working environments. Practical should emphasize safety techniques within and outside the working communities. Whenever an employee undertakes a proper course in his field of services, the chances of falling to injuries become slim. Every human being would need help in one way or the other from another. Employees should learn to appreciate and work as a team with a specific objective of achieving organization’s goals. Once a person inculcates a habit of consultation in areas of difficulties, then ignorance related injuries and unethical actions would reduce drastically. A culture of security comprises of a shared behaviors,

The Roots of Anglican and Protestant Reformations Essay

The Roots of Anglican and Protestant Reformations - Essay Example The introduction of many printing presses made it possible for the quick spread of Renaissance ideas to a large audience in a more reliable manner. This promoted the rapid transmissions of the works of Martin Luther and was made possible by the university where Luther was working at the time. On the social front, the increasing loss of popularity of Rome in Germany and other parts of the world due to the heavy taxation of the people in order to facilitate the construction of the St. Peters square in Rome, made many people rethink their religious stand.  Many countries began to stress on their nationalism thus lowering their devotion to Rome and the nation of Italy. Some countries such as Germany and Poland began to openly express their dissatisfaction with Rome.   The long-term economic hardships that were witnessed in Europe caused the rise in the calls for reformation by the Protestants. The increasing greed of the top leaders of the Catholic Church led to the depression of the peasants in various parts of Europe. The prices of basic commodities began to increase as the inflation rate rose to make the standards of living to decrease. This was argued on the basis that the church took most of the resources and the people were left with very little to support their livelihoods.On the political front, it was argued that there was lack of strong and centralized institutions as which was evident by poor management of the taxation system, lack of an imperial army and lack of effective machinery to conduct the duties of the government. Martin Luther had received a lot of support and protection from Elector Frederick the Wise.   The personal doubts that Martin Luther had on the direction that the church had taken, contributed to the religious course for the reformation. A number of blames were directed on the papacy which was viewed to have taken different dimensions and had deviated from the religious goal. The popes who existed in the renaissance period failed to set a good example for their followers all over the world.

Buyer behaviour and communication strategies BB644 Assignment

Buyer behaviour and communication strategies BB644 - Assignment Example Moreover, the Toyota Prius family including Prius 1.8, Prius C and Prius V wagon will provide consumers with more models to choose from. The main goal is to create awareness of the hybrid technology developed by Toyota in the form of Toyota Prius family. By advertising and promoting the product, we wish to position Prius as a comfortable yet powerful car for the fun-loving and family-centered individuals alike. The communication channels are meant to draw interest and instigate a desire among consumers to make a purchase. The advertising should effectively create the desired image on the minds of the consumers in order to generate brand awareness which can productively be converted into sales. Moreover, the intended purpose of using communication channels is to stimulate buyer readiness through knowledge dissemination which educates the public about the damages of conventional fossil fuel engine cars and the new hybrid technology which has been stylishly designed in the form of Toyota Prius series. This notion is intended to trigger consumers to consider a change in their automobile preferences in order to try out th e hybrid car series by Toyota which is both, energy efficient and cost effective, as compared to other cars by the competitors. So, the main focus can be said to highlight the novel attributes of the Toyota Prius family and its hybrid technology. Also, the economic perspective of the Toyota Prius series is pivotal in convincing consumers that the cars have been made to suit the needs of everybody including families, individuals, and adventurous youths. Communication strategy is an important phase of strategy development and marketing products. In particular, it is critical to the segmentation, targeting, and positioning of the Toyota Prius family in the minds of the target consumers. The image any particular brand conjures up in the mind of the consumer is significant in determining

The Roots of Anglican and Protestant Reformations Essay

The Roots of Anglican and Protestant Reformations - Essay Example The introduction of many printing presses made it possible for the quick spread of Renaissance ideas to a large audience in a more reliable manner. This promoted the rapid transmissions of the works of Martin Luther and was made possible by the university where Luther was working at the time. On the social front, the increasing loss of popularity of Rome in Germany and other parts of the world due to the heavy taxation of the people in order to facilitate the construction of the St. Peters square in Rome, made many people rethink their religious stand.  Many countries began to stress on their nationalism thus lowering their devotion to Rome and the nation of Italy. Some countries such as Germany and Poland began to openly express their dissatisfaction with Rome.   The long-term economic hardships that were witnessed in Europe caused the rise in the calls for reformation by the Protestants. The increasing greed of the top leaders of the Catholic Church led to the depression of the peasants in various parts of Europe. The prices of basic commodities began to increase as the inflation rate rose to make the standards of living to decrease. This was argued on the basis that the church took most of the resources and the people were left with very little to support their livelihoods.On the political front, it was argued that there was lack of strong and centralized institutions as which was evident by poor management of the taxation system, lack of an imperial army and lack of effective machinery to conduct the duties of the government. Martin Luther had received a lot of support and protection from Elector Frederick the Wise.   The personal doubts that Martin Luther had on the direction that the church had taken, contributed to the religious course for the reformation. A number of blames were directed on the papacy which was viewed to have taken different dimensions and had deviated from the religious goal. The popes who existed in the renaissance period failed to set a good example for their followers all over the world.

Environmental Projects NYC Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Projects NYC - Term Paper Example The three sub basins identified cuts across in excess of 35countries. The environmental context of this basin is of great concern since its water quality has been comprised from time to time. Numerous geological surveys have been conducted all over New York to address environmental issues, and the water quality of this basin is one of the identified environmental issues in New York. This paper is meant to assess the problem of water quality in the basin basing its argument on the applicability of geosciences in understanding and addressing the problem. This problem is brought about by the environmental setting of the basin. The basin occurs in an environment setting that allows massive land use in all the areas that the basin lies on. Application of Geosciences in Understanding and Addressing the Water Quality Issue in the Hudson River Basin Sediments in the stream bottom Geological studies have been conducted in the basin for quite some time now. It has been established that the urb an streams of the basin as well as on other rivers of the basin have considerable levels of stream sediments. These sediments are mostly found on the bottom of the stream. The presence of these sediments has comprised the water quality in the basin due to the fact they raise metal concentration in the water. The metals have also led to the concentration of chemicals resulting from water-metal reactions, for example the polychlorinated biphenyls (Levinton & Waldman 39). The water quality in the basin has as a result deteriorated, evidenced by the fact that the above mentioned concentrations have exceeded the predetermined and set standards of water quality. In addressing this problem, the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) has put measures in place that are aimed at reducing concentration levels in the basin. Part of the basin that lies within urban areas is said to carry large amounts of zinc, lead and mercury. In fact, these levels of concentration exceed those set by the Ne w York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). In this regard, the two agencies have initiated programs that are designed to sensitize the locals about the need to reduce metal concentrations in the water. Although the drinking water quality is still observed, there are concerns that the basin could turn unsafe for human consumption if stern measures are not taken. On this note, de-concentration actions by environmental agencies have been established to deal with this issue. Geosciences experts and professionals have been engaged in the process in order to fully observe such progresses and correct mishaps that may be realized in the course. Stream ecology The Hudson River Basin is characterized by many social and economic activities. Some parts of the basin remains undisturbed but where encroachment has occurred, many activities are conducted. This due tot the fact that the basic’s hydrological potential; exceeds that many other basins in New York. On the sam e note, the basin is characteristic of numerous rivers and tributaries that make up its interconnectedness. This special feature of the basin has attracted many local into farming activities, alongside harboring many animal species like fish and invertebrates. Intolerant animal species have so far been absent in the river, denoting aspects of unfavorable environment. Human encroachment along the basin can be cited as a reason for this. Studies done on the water quality

A Reaction on Aliens’ Ownership Right of Real Property in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

A Reaction on Aliens’ Ownership Right of Real Property in the Philippines Essay A Reaction on Aliens’ Ownership Right of Real Property in the Philippines â€Å"Ang Pilipinas ay para sa mga Pilipino.† (â€Å"The Philippines is for the Filipinos†) Does it sound patriotic or nationalistic? Or does it pertain to selfish motives or mercenary actions? It is a fact that many aliens have been invading to the Philippines. Yes, they are aliens the non-Philippine nationals or foreigners. Most of them are fascinated and attracted to the beautiful sceneries around the Philippine archipelago. Others also pursue their business careers in the country, they are the investors, and the business oriented people who wish to put up their capitals and trade whether in a form of sole proprietorship, partnership or corporation. The aliens are granted the right to acquire a land or real property (immovable property) provided that they will consider the provisions under the Philippine Anti-Dummy Law the limitations on certain economic activity including the enjoyment of rights. In line with the Condominium Act of the Philippines, Republic Act 4726, the aliens are given the right to completely own a condominium unit but when it comes to project, the corporation must be composed of only 40%foreign investors. On the other hand, under the Investor’s Lease Act of the Philippines, foreign nationals or corporation may enter into lease agreement with Filipino landowners for an initial period of fifty years and a renewable extension of 25 years. As we try to comprehend to the law, it is really pro-Filipino. We noticed that the there are only 40% foreign investors or the stockholders and the 60% come from Filipinos. It’s also obvious that the aliens are prohibited to completely possess lands which are really in accordance to Article XII, Section 7 of the Philippine Constitution. Talking about the 40% foreign capitalists and investors, the Philippine  government can gain taxes from them which in turn can be used to accommodate common good for the Filipinos. The issue on Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) or prominently called pork barrel barges in. That huge amount of money came from the taxpayers, both the Philippine nationals and non-Philippine nationals. But due to institutionalized corruption, the money which is intended for the people in the society are being stole by some of the national officials. This is another dilemma that the Philippine government should take into consideration and action. Back to the issue on aliens, the mediocre are skeptical whether the foreigners are given the right to fully own resources in the country or not. This is to clarify that they are not given the full authority; they are just given the opportunity to get into the business world which in turn both the aliens the Filipinos can gain something. It does not mean that though they have been advancing to the country, they steal what’s ours. There are laws for them to follow, thus, there’s no way for us to worry. The law has been already promulgated. All we can do is to deal with it, just no racial deviation, just focus for the common good of all Filipinos. The aliens are striving for their benefits, the same way should we act for ourselves. Let’s do our part and adhere to our virtues as we keep burning the Filipino spirit!

Literature On Solid Waste Management In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature On Solid Waste Management In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay Research both past and present into solid waste in Nigeria like most developing countries with an absence of adequate solid waste management system has been focused more on adequate collection and disposal options than on the waste generators, storage or even an avenue for waste reduction which aids in reuse and recycling, hence creating major gaps. These gaps are areas that need to address to ensure that there is a sustainable management of solid waste generated to prevent environmental hazards. 2.1.1 Purpose of the Literature Review This chapter review gives an overview of the situation of solid waste management in developing countries critically examining and summarising studies by various researchers in academic books, professional and academic journals, published and unpublished works and electronic media. This literature review would aid in identifying appropriate methodology to achieve the aim of this research. In addition, source separation a relatively understudied concept has been identified and recommended by many researchers as an avenue for waste reduction. It has also been suggested as providing alternative means of practicing proper waste management apart from collection and disposal. (Cointreau-Levine Gopalan, 2000:Imam et al, 2008) This study into institutional solid waste management with the aim of identifying dynamics that influence/affect separation at source at households in the campus will create a means of addressing waste reduction and proper implementation of solid waste management options. According to UNEP (2005), the logical starting point for the proper management of solid waste is to reduce the amounts of waste managed, either informally within the generators site or formally (externally) by another entity once the waste is discarded by the generator. Thereby reducing waste quantities collected or otherwise managed. 2.1.2 Literature Search The search for literature can be very time consuming and futile if proper strategies are not developed. To aid in the literature search, the following was prepared: Firstly, the topic, boundary (Developing countries: Nigeria) and problem statement was agreed on. Then I identified of the disciplines with a stake in solid waste. They include: Health, Science and Technology Waste Waste Management Environmental Urban Secondly, Keywords broad and narrow were developed. They are: Municipal Solid waste , Solid waste Management Institutional Solid Waste Separation at source , Source separation Waste segregation, separation Household solid waste manag* Participation/Incentives in solid waste Motivating factors, attitudinal behaviours Solid waste management in Nigeria University of Benin To this end, the author sought the advice of the WEDC resource centre manager. She showed me books and journals on solid waste (management) but told me that most of the journals were available online for latest on any research and my search will be more extensive using the internet. She also recommended the use of Loughborough University, search engine Metalib, for searching and interrogation of the various databases for articles and journals on the subject matter (Science direct, CSA illumina) Following her recommendation and my initial write up, a data interrogation search was done using Metalib on the following database using the keywords above, either truncated, with * or adding two keyword together using the OR because the AND was giving irrelevant data . Environmental Sciences and Pollution management Abstracts (CSA Illumina) Aqualine (CSA Illumina) Science Direct From this site, the following journals were found with relevant data. Waste Management Waste Management and Research Habitat International Environmental Management Resource, Conservation and Recycling Google Search Engine and Goggle Scholar were searched using the keywords above. The sources of information obtained include: More Journals articles from the above stated journals Solid waste Management Volume 1:United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP) J.C Agunwanba:(Google scholar) with articles on Waste management in some parts of Nigeria The World Bank; Urban Solid Waste management (community initiatives) WEDC WELL factsheets and studies: solid waste management I chose this approach to ensure an extensive and appropriate search in all areas of solid waste management and Research into developing countries of which Nigeria is apart. My use of the Internet was to ensure that as many recent journals, conferences and researches in Nigeria are available for scrutiny. This systematic review will initially focus on identifying waste characteristics and components, then the roles and involvement of the different stakeholders, their attitudes and perspectives towards waste and finally the different concepts of source separation as it is practiced. This would help in analyzing and recognizing the past and present problems and solutions in cities and universities in developing countries especially Nigeria. The summary section would scrutinize the methodologies used in the above reviewed literature and its adaptation for use in this research. Also included are the main findings from the reviewed literature and the gaps in knowledge this research aims to address. 2.2 Solid waste management practices in Developing countries. In an attempt to accelerate the pace of its industrial development, an economically developing nation may fail to pay adequate attention to solid waste management. Such a failure incurs a severe penalty later in the form of reusable resources needlessly lost and a staggering adverse impact on the environment and on public health and safety.(UNEP, 2005) This is the problem presently facing most developing countries: rapid population growth due to rapid urban development hence more waste to manage. (Singhal Pandey, 2001) 2.2.1 Waste Generation and Composition The saying goes that if you can measure it you can manage it this is a viewpoint that is especially important and a solution that most developing countries have not been able to accomplish in solid waste management. There is no measure of the waste generated and so management becomes difficult and inefficient. According to( Vaughan , 1971), information on the composition and quantity of solid waste is indispensable to design, implementation and operation of any solid waste management system of today and helps to forecast the requirements of tomorrow. As stated above most developing countries are plagued with solid waste management problems that are degrading the urban environment and posing a serious threat to the natural resources and consequently holding back development (Sujauddin.,M., et al 2008) solving this problem will require knowledge about the per capital waste generated, composition and also attitudes towards waste. The authors found that there are many variables that affect the composition and the quantities of waste generated this include population growth, the socioeconomic factors (income, education, age, land ownership) which is the reverse for most developed countries. The major constituents of developing countries waste is about 66% organic, which is about 30% of the total waste generated showing that composting, would be a very good way of waste management (recycling). (ibid) 2.2.2 Institutional Arrangement The key institutions responsible for solid waste management services include public sector, formal private sector, informal private sector and community based non-governmental organisations. (ABC, 1988) The proper identification of their roles and responsibilities has been cited as a major influence in a sustainable solid waste management. At present, the public sector is responsible for service delivery of solid waste management in most developing countries and they are finding it difficult due to the rapid explosion in population growth hence more waste to manage. Some major problems that affect the municipalities inadequacy to provide good solid waste system include poor planning, lack of experienced staff, inappropriate equipments and technology, insufficient funds and landfill sites for disposal.( Coad, 2005: Hossain Siwar 2002). Collection, transportation and disposal have been a major problem in delivering efficient solid waste management services. In India cities collection efficiency is between 40 -70 % due to inadequate transport capacity and deficient workforce even with the municipalities allocation of 85-90% of the total budget to the service (Nema, 2004: Sharholy et al 2008) To rectify this inadequacy and provide better services some sources have recommended institutional changes like privatization transferring of the responsibilities to private sector while the public sector deals with policies and regulations (Hossain Siwar, 2002: Cointreau-Levine et al, 2000: World Bank,2003). The authors have argued that privatization will reduce the burden on government, increase the efficiency and effectiveness of municipal solid waste (MSW) services, decreases costs, source reduction and improve recycling thereby reducing the waste that goes for final disposal and increasing the life cycle of disposal sites. They also state that this can only work with sustainable frameworks supported by viable government policies and regulations. Poor solid waste management creates serious threat to human health and well-being especially with indiscriminate open dumping which clogs drains and sewerage creating breeding grounds for rodents and insects leading to disease spread and ground water contamination.( Majani,2000:Gonzenbach. Coad, 2007: Kumar et al, 2009) To aid in proper solid waste management certain cities have set rules (Bennagen et al ,2002: Sarkhel Banerjee, 2009) to necessitate the mandatory segregation of waste at generators level and also the concordance between collection and disposal facilities to ensure the establishment of local recycling and composting plants. The study showed that households were ready to participate and their participation would increase if there was going to be regular collection, variable user charges and appropriate garbage collection i.e. not collecting both recyclables and other waste in the same vehicle. (Bennagen et al., 2002) Informal Sector The role of the informal sector (waste pickers, scavengers, sweepers) in solid waste management is identified as been crucial in waste reduction though to what amount it cannot be effectively determined.(Wilson et al , 2006). Most of their activities are driven by the need to supplement income and to reduce poverty. They operate at all levels in the solid waste chain from generation to disposal removing the recyclables and trading it. These waste pickers with organisation and support would create jobs for the minority in the society, reduce poverty, save municipalities money, improve industrial competitiveness, conserve natural resources and protect the environment. The government in many developing countries: Argentina, Brazil, India, Uruguay, Colombia, Mexico have identified the necessities of recognising and identifying this stakeholders especially in light of attaining Goal 7 of the millennium development goals thereby creating an inclusive, socially desirable, economically viabl e and environmentally sound solid waste management system. Waste pickers activities are recognised for their role in reducing the waste to be collected transported and disposed e.g. Jakarta 25% reduction. (Medina, 2008) 2.2.3 Attitudes and Preferences Attitude is termed in this study as the feeling and thoughts while perception is insight and awareness which encourages participation. To ensure the sustainability of any SWM system there has to be a change of government perception to that of recognising the importance of people. The current global challenges of urban solid waste (Ali, 2006(Ed)) states demand a people centred approach, change in public attitude to consumption and increased relationship between the people and the government. With new approaches to waste management to tackle the challenges of the increased waste generated by the population, increased cost of waste management leads to increase user charges. This (ibid) stated will only be sustainable if the government recognises the importance of people in planning, designing and operating any solid waste system. Bisson (2002) stated that since waste is a product of human behaviour, to maintain a good waste management we need information on the behaviour and attitude of people with regard to waste and accurate data on waste generation Source separation and other recycling practices at households is greatly supported in its role to reduction of waste, municipality costs but in practice might not be successful because of the understanding of funds and the workload involved. (Chung S.S C.S Poon, 1996: Ghorbani et al, 2007). The authors concluded that economic incentives as well as education about environmental benefits of waste separation by householders would result in active participation of people in separating wastes in the home. Chung S.S C.S Poon (1996) further found that consumption rate might increase if waste is recycled hence education awareness programs. They suggested that the involvement of all household members and not only the housewives, binary not multiple separation schemes will further increase its success rate. One likely consequence of households paying close attention to their refuse is that people will become more aware of the waste they generate and will become less wasteful thus saving resources and further reducing collection costs. (Kassim, 2006) Various authors (Bennagen., June 2002: Sujauddin.,M., et al 2008) have reported that there is an eagerness for communities to participate in solid waste management schemes, pay for services but the payment should not be unit but as per user and with government support. 2.2.4 Source Separation Source separation according to GDRC (n.d) is the setting aside of compostable and recyclable materials from the waste stream before they are collected with other MSW, to facilitate reuse, recycling, and composting. During the UN conference in Johannesburg in 2002 reduction of waste through source separation was affirmed as one of the steps, which the local government can implement to maximize environmental sound waste use, recycling and diversion of useful materials from the waste stream. Facing the problems of solid waste management, (Strange, K 2002: UNEP, 2005) argues can be done through plans and programs which encourage source separation and this he stated will help in minimising waste for disposal. Schà ¼beler et al (1996) further added that the introduction of source separation ought to be in a pragmatic and incremental manner beginning with pilot activities to access and encourage the interest and willingness of users to participate. In most developing countries, the practice of source separation is by the informal sector at a very small scale. In cities of developing countries, source separation provides a means of employment, reduces the total amount of waste for disposal, and at landfills through the support of governing bodies and community based organisation (Lardinios Furedy, 1999: Fehr et al, 2009) Waste separation increases the quality of produced compost and recyclables, and optimizes incineration. It also enables better financing of waste management activities and minimizes the energy and labour inputs to any downstream processes (Murray, 1999). Source-separation pilot programs have been tested in some developing countries but total recovery of recyclables have been hindered due to the large amount of water contents in the waste and high percentage of food waste food waste (Zhuang et al,2007: Tadesse., 2008), The motivations for materials separation and reuse in developing countries include: scarcity or expense of virgin materials; the level of absolute poverty; income supplement, the frugal values of even relatively well-to-do households; and the large markets for used goods and products made from recycled plastics and metals. (UNEP, 2005: Sarkhel Banerjee, 2009: Fehr et al, 2009) Fehr et al (2009) further recommended the introduction of legal instruments within a municipal model that mandate source separation and encourages educational and legal measures for solid waste management success. (Joseph, 2006; Zhuang et al, 2007: Fehr et al, 2009 agree that any source separation program needs people centred participation, monitoring, awareness creation and support. Below are some of the advantages of source separated over co-mingled waste Table 1 Separate/mixed collection Separate Collection Mixed Collection Extends landfill life. Removes potential recyclables from the waste stream. Lowers net disposal costs. Done by the household. No extra cost for the community. Highly applicable to residential waste. Industrial waste may be recycled through industrial waste exchanges. An effective and reliable tool for recycling. Can be implemented on small-scale, then expanded. Recyclables are usually uncontaminated by garbage and other debris It is not time or space consuming for the residents. The facility does not need additional space to handle recyclables. Basic technology is needed The effectiveness of the collection system does not depend on how people prepare recyclables. There is no need for established secondary markets Guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Mediterranean Region ( ) 2.2.5 Solid waste practices in universities of developing countries Higher institutions have the responsibility of having high moral and ethical obligation to the environment because they are expected to produce leaders in environmental protection movement. Armijo de Vega (2008) research acknowledges the good use of campuses as a case study for solid waste management (SWM) options for the following reasons; Not much has not been reported on the topic, They been independent to a great extent, campuses can accommodate pioneering SWM approaches that can filter down to other communities later, Thirdly, since it involves students at various levels it can serve to sensitize as well as easily train them in good SWM practices, and Finally, SWM practices adopted by higher education institutions have a great potential of being adopted by surrounding communities because these institutions generally are held in high esteem. The efforts towards responsible waste management should stem from these institutions. Besides, appropriate waste management would bring benefits to the institution such as a reduction of the financial resources destined to waste management, but, above all, it would set an example to the students and the community. (Mbuligwe .2002: Maldonado, 2006) Furthermore the authors discovered that the type of waste generated on campus (recyclables and organic) provides a lot of avenue for reuse, recycling and recovery thereby reducing the quantity of waste disposed in landfill by more than 60%.(ibid) 2.3 Solid waste management Practices in Nigeria 2.3.1 Waste Composition Nigeria is a nation that exemplifies chronic solid waste management problems in conjunction with population growth. It is the most populous country in Africa, with over 120 million residents (World Bank 1996), and over the past 50 years, has had the third largest urban growth rate in the world at 5.51% annually (UNWUP 1999). In Nigeria though there has been some studies into the determination of waste composition and generation to enhance the provision of solid waste management services, this studies are outdated (Adedibu 1985) or have been done at the landfills (Mbuligwe., 2002). This does not take into consideration the quantities of waste that are separated by the waste pickers and animals before collection. (Ogwueleka, 2009: Iman et al 2008 ) agree that indistinctive legislative policies and regulation, lack of data on the generated waste, inappropriate technology for collection and disposal, no planned framework and inadequate population characteristics are some of the factors affecting the knowledge of municipal solid waste composition in Nigeria to develop better disposal methods. Other factors include political, economic and social. The majority of substances composing municipal solid waste include paper, vegetable matter, plastics, metals, textile, rubber and glass (Ogwueleka, 2009:Imam., 2008). They found that the major component of solid waste is organic waste (40-64%) which is wetter, corrosive with high density (Ogwueleka, 2009)and agree that composting will be an adequate solid waste practice to reduce the waste especially (Iman et al 2008) with the removal of government subsidies for the sale of fertilizers creating a market for it. Controlled landfill (Adedibu, 1985) stated is another SWM option for disposal. This is not recommendable because of the complex technology and funds which the government cannot provide. Efficient recycling and composting could save 18.6% in waste management costs and 57.7% in landfill cost (Agunwamba, 1998). Waste characteristics vary according to season, population, climate, and industrial production, the size of markets for waste materials and the extent of urbanization, effectiveness of recycling, and work reduction. (Ogwueleka, 2009). Other factors affecting increased waste generation among residents in Nigeria cities are change in social economic and educational circumstance. 2.3.2 Attitudes and Perceptions According to (Agunwamba, 2003: Iman et al 2008) public awareness, social ideals, beliefs and attitudes to waste can affect all stages in the solid waste management process. This has an impact on household waste storage, waste segregation, recycling, collection frequency, littering and fly-tipping (illegal dumping), willingness to pay for waste management services, and the level and type of opposition to waste treatment and disposal facilities. In Nigeria, the general public attitude towards waste management is poor. . A man may live in a neatly kept house but refuse to cooperate with his fellow residents in keeping the surroundings of the building clean. As long as the waste materials are not inside his house, he feels no concern. Government attitude towards solid waste management is the introduction of in appropriate technology without the consultation of the people using the services (Agunwamba, 1998). In addition, they consider the informal sector a menace (Ogwueleka, 2009) and try all means to eradicate them. Most Nigerians associated wealth with lavish spending, which generates much waste as a by-product. They perceive waste pickers/workers as poor and so make little or no effort to cooperate in waste management activities. Similarly, in homes waste removal to bins classified as childrens work. Since the bins were not designed with, their small stature wastes are dumped on the ground, creating more work for the waste workers and increasing collection time reducing efficiency. (ibid) As for the waste workers, poor remuneration and stagnation in promotion has created a reduced interest in proper solid waste management. They go about doing their jobs haphazardly. The poor attitude to waste been exhibited can be changed with proper enlightenment programs and patient extension efforts that are reinforced continuously even after project completion. This will negate ignorance, materialistic tendencies, and apathy and reinforce their responsibility to the environmental. (Agunwamba, 1998) 2.3.3 Institutional Arrangement With knowledge of the illegal dumping of toxic waste in June 1988, (Adegoroye., 1994) the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) was created. The landmark Federal legislation on environmental protection in Nigeria was the decree Number 58 of 1988, which established the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). The specific role of FEPA with respect to solid waste management is to (Onibokun, 1999): Study the most reliable systems that are appropriate for local, domestic and industrial wastes. Specify waste disposal and treatment methods that take into consideration the geological and environmental setting and encourage recycling. Specify waste disposal sites that guarantee the safety of surface and underground water systems. Set up and enforce standards for adequate sanitary facilities for the disposal of human and other solid wastes in dwellings, housing estates and public facilities in both urban and rural areas. Establish monitoring programmes including periodic surveillance of approved waste disposal sites and their surroundings and waste water systems. Establish monitoring stations for the control of the disposal of leachate from dumpsites into surface water and groundwater systems Under this Act, all states and local government set up their own environmental protection body for the protection and improvement of the environment within its jurisdiction. In 1999 (Ogwueleka, 2009), FEPA was taken over by the Federal Ministry of Environment to combat some of the challenges faced which include absence of pollution waste management laws, lack of environmental enforcement, funding, role conflicts power play between FEPA workers and some powerful individuals whose companies not ready to pay for services. It still conformed to all the regulation stated above but even with this change of hands, there was still inadequate provision of solid waste services in Nigeria. According to (Imam et al, 2008: Ogwueleka, 2009) solid waste management in Nigeria is characterised by in efficient collection methods, insufficient coverage of the collection system and improper disposal. Lack of institutional arrangement, insufficient funds absence of standards and by-laws, insufficient information on waste composition and quantity, inflexible work schedule and inappropriate technology transfer are the common constraints faced by environmental agencies in solid waste management.75-95% of the revenue of solid waste is spent on collection and disposal and only 40-70% is collected from the urban areas. Most of the rural areas have no SWM facility. Presently emphasis is been focused on better institutional arrangement through privatization and less on collection and disposal due to the inadequate government service delivery. Privatization is been tested in cities like Abuja (Imam., 2008), Lagos (Ogwueleka, 2009) and Benin (Ogu., 2000) but have not improved the service delivery due to all the factors above including corruption, lack of planning of route service delivery, affordability and acceptability. Finally, (Ogwueleka, 2009) argued that since in Nigeria there is an abundance of cheap labour the use of a low capital cost and labour intensive solution that reduces poverty will be preferred. It should include low technology like handcarts and pickup trucks for collection, informal sector involvement (waste pickers), training, local waste recycling and reduction projects, transfer stations to reduce operating cost, community participation and involvement. In conclusion Adegoreyo, (1994) stated that stable leadership and firm commitment of government in formative years to any enforcement programme with set goals, objectives and responsibilities including capacity building should be uttermost to ensure the improvements. 2.3.4 Source Separation Studies into source separation in Nigeria though it is highly relevant according to most researchers are not been preformed. (Onibokun., 1999: Ogu., 2000: Agunwamba, 2003).This has constrained the author to review literature of other developing countries, implementation methods and success rate of source separation to infer if it will adequate for Nigeria. The scavengers do little or no form of recycling it is more of reuse. (Agunwamba, 2003) Informal Practices In Nigeria, gifts of clothes and goods to relatives, charities, and servants as a means of source separation are significant in waste reduction. However, the greatest amount of materials recovery is achieved through the following: (a) Itinerant waste buyers (IWBs): These are waste collectors who often go from door-to-door, collecting specific recyclable materials and/or organic wastes from households, which they buy or barter. Individual IWBs tend to specialize in one or two kinds of materials. (b) Street waste picking: Secondary raw materials recovered from mixed waste found on streets or extracted from communal bins before collection. (c) Municipal waste collection crew: Secondary raw materials recovered from vehicles transporting waste to disposal sites. (d) Waste picking from dumps: Waste pickers/ scavengers sort through waste before it is covered at the site of final disposal, which is still generally open dumping in Nigeria. (Wilson et al, 2009) From the point of view of waste reduction, the traditional practices of repair and reuse, and the sale, barter, or gift-giving of used goods and surplus materials are an advantage to the poorer countries. Quantities of inorganic post-consumer wastes entering the MSW stream would be higher if these forms of waste reduction did not exist.(UNEP,2005) Formal Practices. There is no formal practice in place for source separation at present although Federal Ministry of Environment (2000) specified in the Blue print for municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Nigeria that separation at source is one of the viable alternatives/complement to an integrated solid waste management programme. 2.3.5 Solid waste practices in universities in Nigeria 2.4 Solid waste practices in University of Benin, Benin-City Solid waste management in the university is the collection and disposal of waste. The waste generated is placed in bins for collection. There is no informal sector to do any separation though some of the waste workers salvage the useful recyclables for reuse but this does not even account for up to 1% of the total amount generated. Most times the waste generated is so much that not all the waste is removed during collection so decomposition begins on the left over waste, which will cause bad odours and breeding grounds for rodents and disease carrying insects. Some leachates are also produced which might pollute the land and water around. The final disposal site for the waste is an open dump that allows further pollution because there is no control over waste deposited or the by-products of open dump disposal. Without adequate attention, there is a major risk to the health of the staff and students in the university and to the environment. 3. Summary of Literature Review 3.1 Methodologies Most of the researches into waste characterization were studied using quantitative and qualitative methods (questionnaires, interviews, observation, focus groups and fieldwork) this is to ensure the viability of the studies and close the loop (Chung S.S Poon C.S.,1996: Ghorbani M. et al , 2007:Imam., 2008). For sampling, random sampling was employed since some information about the sample space is known

The Rationale of Suicide in Bartleby Essay -- Bartleby Scrivener Essay

The Rationale of Suicide in Bartleby        Ã‚   One of the most strikingly confusing details of Herman Melville's "Bartleby" is the repetitive use of the specific form of his refusals; he "prefers" not to comply with his employer's demands. Bartleby never argues for his convictions, rather he refuses on the grounds of his preference. Such a vast repetition, along with its inherent perplexity, leads me to believe that the actual wording is symbolic in nature.         Ã‚  Ã‚  When someone is asked for his/her preferences, the question is directed to the individual's inner motives and desires. Any question addressed as a preference question, usually grants the consideration of the innermost inclinations. The lawyer never asked Bartleby whether he would like to comply or not, yet the latter keeps answering with the same term of preference; a choice of word that comes to show that Bartleby does not regard the demands laid upon him as intrinsically valid, he rather questions them in light of his inclinations and answers accordingly.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The lawyer, on the other hand, does view his demands as intrinsically valid. The lawyer represents society with all its requirements and demands. Society expects us to work for our living under the terms and conditions that it sets, but what if we choose not to? *   The lawyer does not make much of Bartleby's choice of words, he does not recognize the real problem; namely, Bartleby is neither interested, nor subjected to the rules of society      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bartleby's state is further clarified by the symbolic use of the walls and the dead letter office described in the epilogue. First, throughout the story he is depicted time and again as facing and staring at a wall. Staring at a wall can mean ... ...it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚           Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As much as we all strive to "see the full half of the glass," for some people the half is either empty, or not full enough. While those of us that have an incentive for life cannot understand how it can elude anyone else (in the way the Lawyer could not understand Bartleby), each reason to get out of bed every morning is unique and personal. Apparently not everyone has a reason, and the mere loss of a reason is a short step away from the loss of life.  Ã‚  Ã‚         * The assumption made by the lawyer, and for that matter, by society, that its values and demands are intrinsically a priori valid, are a matter for another interesting research, yet it diverges too much from our point.    Work Cited: Melville, Herman. "Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-street." 1853. Bartleby.com. 30 Oct. 2000. http://www.bartleby.com/129/. The Rationale of Suicide in Bartleby Essay -- Bartleby Scrivener Essay The Rationale of Suicide in Bartleby        Ã‚   One of the most strikingly confusing details of Herman Melville's "Bartleby" is the repetitive use of the specific form of his refusals; he "prefers" not to comply with his employer's demands. Bartleby never argues for his convictions, rather he refuses on the grounds of his preference. Such a vast repetition, along with its inherent perplexity, leads me to believe that the actual wording is symbolic in nature.         Ã‚  Ã‚  When someone is asked for his/her preferences, the question is directed to the individual's inner motives and desires. Any question addressed as a preference question, usually grants the consideration of the innermost inclinations. The lawyer never asked Bartleby whether he would like to comply or not, yet the latter keeps answering with the same term of preference; a choice of word that comes to show that Bartleby does not regard the demands laid upon him as intrinsically valid, he rather questions them in light of his inclinations and answers accordingly.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The lawyer, on the other hand, does view his demands as intrinsically valid. The lawyer represents society with all its requirements and demands. Society expects us to work for our living under the terms and conditions that it sets, but what if we choose not to? *   The lawyer does not make much of Bartleby's choice of words, he does not recognize the real problem; namely, Bartleby is neither interested, nor subjected to the rules of society      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bartleby's state is further clarified by the symbolic use of the walls and the dead letter office described in the epilogue. First, throughout the story he is depicted time and again as facing and staring at a wall. Staring at a wall can mean ... ...it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚           Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As much as we all strive to "see the full half of the glass," for some people the half is either empty, or not full enough. While those of us that have an incentive for life cannot understand how it can elude anyone else (in the way the Lawyer could not understand Bartleby), each reason to get out of bed every morning is unique and personal. Apparently not everyone has a reason, and the mere loss of a reason is a short step away from the loss of life.  Ã‚  Ã‚         * The assumption made by the lawyer, and for that matter, by society, that its values and demands are intrinsically a priori valid, are a matter for another interesting research, yet it diverges too much from our point.    Work Cited: Melville, Herman. "Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-street." 1853. Bartleby.com. 30 Oct. 2000. http://www.bartleby.com/129/.

Urban Heat Islands :: essays research papers fc

Urban Heat Islands For more than 100 years, it has been known that two adjacent cities are generally warmer than the surrounding areas. This region of city warmth, known as an urban heat island, can influence the concentration of air pollution. The urban heat island is formed when industrial and urban areas are developed and heat becomes more abundant. In rural areas, a large part of the incoming solar energy is used to evaporate water from vegetation and soil. In cities, where less vegetation and exposed soil exists, the majority of the sun's energy is absorbed by urban structures and asphalt. Hence, during warm daylight hours, less evaporative cooling in cities allows surface temperatures to rise higher than in rural areas. Additional city heat is given off by vehicles and factories, as well as by industrial and domestic heating and cooling units. At night, the solar energy, which is stored as vast quantities of heat in city buildings and roads, is released slowly into the city. The dissipation of heat energy is slowed and even stopped by the tall building walls that do not allow infrared radiation to escape as readily as do the relative level surfaces of the surrounding countryside. The slow release of heat tends to keep city temperatures higher than those of the unpaved faster cooling areas. On clear, still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low- pressure area forms over the city. Sometimes a light breeze, called a country breeze which blows from the countryside into the city. If there are major industrial areas along the city's outskirts, pollutants are carried into the heart of town, where they tend to concentrate. At night, the extra warmth of the city occasionally produces a shallow unstable layer near the surface. Pollutants emitted from low-level sources, such as home heating units, tend to concentrate in this shallow layer, often making the air unhealthy to breathe. The constant outpouring of pollutants into the environment may actually influence the climate of a city. For an example, certain pollutants reflect solar energy, thereby reducing the sunlight that reaches the surface. Some particles serve as nuclei upon which water and ice form. Water vapor condenses onto these particles, forming haze that greatly reduces visibility. Moreover, the added nuclei increases the frequency of city fog. Pollutants from urban areas may even affect the weather downwind from them. Just such a situation is described in a controversial study conducted at La Porte, Indiana, a city located about thirty miles downwind of the industries of

Millennium Development Goal and Bangladesh

Report on 2012 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) and Bangladesh The Progress of Bangladesh on MDG A report submitted to the Department of Economics, AIUB, as a course requirement of Economic Geography, Fall semester 2012| | Prepared & Submitted byTeam : HISTORYNazmun,MdIstiakAlam, NusratKhan,Jahirul Islam Akhter, Sheikh TurashaShuvo,Shariar Al AminAshraf, Taskia| | Course teacherRAFIQ, FARHANAFaculty Department of Economics| | Date of submission| 28 November 2012| | | American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)| 28 November 2012 RAFIQ, FARHANA Faculty Economics DepartmentAmerican International University – Bangladesh. Subject: Submission of Report Dear Madam, We have the pleasure to submit this report entitled â€Å"Mdg and progress of bangladesh† which has been prepared in part-fulfillment of the requirements of the Final Examination Economic Geography. We have discussed on our report about MDG’s and its progress in Bangladesh. We also have shown the wor ldwide progress of MDG. Finally, we are truly grateful to you for giving us this pleasant opportunity to work on this report. The entire group contribution has led to the successful completion of this report.Despite our all possible attempts, certain deficiencies may reside and we sincerely regret this. Best Regards, 1. Nazmun,MdIstiak ID:11-19119-22. Alam, Nusrat ID: 11-19192-23. Khan,Jahirul Islam ID: 11-18219-14. Akhter, Sheikh Turasha ID: 11-19261-25. Shuvo,Shariar Al Amin ID: 11-18231-15. Ashraf, Taskia ID:11-19115-2 | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, we would like to thank to our course instructor of this Economic Geography course RAFIQ, FARHANA for the valuable guidance and advice. She inspired us greatly to work in this report. Her willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our work.We also would like to thank her for her valuable time by helping us for this report. This research report would not have been possible without the support of many people. Our thank s and appreciations go to our classmates for making the semester period truly enjoyable. And we would also like to thank our almighty for helping me carry through this massive task. Summary The main objective of this report is to discuss about Millennium Development Goals and its Progress in Bangladesh. For making this report we have collected data from internet, books, teacher’s references.Our finding shows Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals lies at the core of UNDP’s mandate, and is the focus of much of our work. Accordingly, UNDP and our partners' results in the areas of governance, poverty reduction, environment, energy and climate change, disaster management, all contribute in different ways to the acceleration of MDG achievement. In particular, the â€Å"Support to Monitoring PRS and MDGs in Bangladesh† project supported MDG acceleration in Bangladesh between 2006 and 2011. This project will shortly be renewed.It is expected that the report wi ll help to know about the MDGs as well as the situation of our country of achievement. Contents SectionPage Number * Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 06 * Discussion (a) MDG †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 07 (b) Goals and Targets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 07 (c) MDG and Bangladesh †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 (d) Progress of Bangladesh †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 * Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 29 * Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 30 List of Figures Bar Chart (1) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 * Bar Chart(2) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 * Bar Chart (3) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Introduction The MDGs reflect a set of actions and targets contained in the Millennium Declaration that was adopted by 193 nations in 2002 based on the Millennium Declaration agreed in September 2000. Bangladesh has recorded impressive feats in pullin g people out of poverty, ensuring that more children, girls and boys, attend school, and have access to clean water. Considerable progress has been made in child survival rate. Bangladesh is among the 16 countries who have received UN recognition for being on track to achieve MDG4.There have been some improvements to address the country’s massive environmental challenges over the past decade as well. Out of the 52 MDG targets, Bangladesh is on track on 19 of them; and 14 of them need attention (2011 data). Although Bangladesh is on track to achieve the Net Enrolment target, the drop-out rates remain to high; Enrolling the last 10% of the children, ensuring quality of education for children who are already enrolled in schools, and promoting gender equity in tertiary education, remain as major challenges. The maternal mortality ratio of Bangladesh at 194 has shown a major turnaround.Performance on this goal which was lagging is a major achievement. The threat of climate change can also diminish the hard earned beneficial impacts of years of growth and development not just for the people in impoverished settlements along coastal belts and river banks, but for the entire nation. Achieving full and productive employment for all, including women and young people remains behind target. The labor force participation rate is low at about 51. 7% and women's participation although improving, is much lower at 23%. It is highly unlikely that Bangladesh will be able to ensure employment for all by 2015.Yet another challenge that Bangladesh faces is in addressing certain pockets of poverty that are lagging far behind with respect to the national averages and where the benefits of MDGs attainment need to be specifically reached. These areas include the urban slums, the hill tracts, coastal belts and other ecologically vulnerable areas. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international developmentgoals that were officially established following the Millenn ium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.All 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve these goals by the year 2015. The MDGs were developed out of the eight chapters of the Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets, and a series of measurable indicators for each target. Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger * Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day * Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People * Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women * Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at al l levels by 2015 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates * Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate Goal 5: Improve maternal health Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio * Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases * Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS * Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it * Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources * Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss * Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply) * Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system * Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDC) * Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States * Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term * Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries * Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits o f new technologies, especially information and communications Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven. Some countries have achieved many of the goals, while others are not on track to realize any.A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to date and concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date. There were also new commitments on women's and children's health, and new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease. From next page, we have shown some statistics about progress of MDG all over the world. Description Here is the percentage of adjusted net enrolment ratio in primary education: In case of the developing countries Enrolment ratio in primary education in 1990s was 82% while in 2008 it was 89%. In case of the developed countries Enrolment ratio in primary education in 1990s was 97% while in 2008 it was 96%.In case of the world Enrolment ratio in primary educ ation in 1990s was 84% while in 2008 it was 90%. Bar Chart (1) Description This is the percentage of people earning less than $1. 25 a day. In the year 1990 58% sub Sahara African are earning less than $1. 25 a day. & In year 2005 the percentage was only reduce by 7% Which show that the progress is not good. On the other hand, In the year 1990 60% of eastern Asian is earning less than $1. 25 a day. While in the year 2005 the percentage was reduce by 44%, which is very high. Bar Chart (2) Description This is the percentage of mortality under five years old per 1000: In case of the developed countries in 1990s the number was 12 & In 2008 it was 6In case of the developing countries in 1990s the number was 100 & In 2008 it was 72 Here we found huge deference between the developed & developing countries. Bar Chart (3) MDG and Bangladesh The Government of Bangladesh is committed to achieve the MDGs within the given timeframe. The recently approved Sixth Five Year Plan (2011-2015) titledâ €  Accelerating Growth and Reducing Poverty† has laid out the operational details on the country’s endeavor to move forward with a view to achieving the â€Å"Vision 2021† of the Government. The Plan has integrated the Millennium Development Goals within the broader agenda of the economic and social targets.The Sixth Plan has adopted a holistic approach to reduce poverty and improve other social indicators, with special attention provided to remove the regional disparities in development. The beauty of implementing the 6th Plan is that in pursuit of achieving national development goals, the MDG will also be achieved as the terminal year of both the milestone goals coincides. The recent progress report of MDGs in Bangladesh 2011, shows that Bangladesh has achieved remarkable progress in the areas of primary schooling, gender parity in primary and secondary level education, lowering the infant and under-five mortality rate and maternal mortality ratio, improving immunization coverage and reducing the incidence of communicable diseases. The recent data reveal that incidence of poverty has been declining at an annual rate of 2. 6 percent in Bangladesh during 1991-1992 to 2010. If this trend continues, the target of halving the population living under the poverty line would be achieved well before 2015. However, achievement of the hunger target might be difficult to attain due to volatility of the commodity prices and the challenges of underemployment. Progress of MDGs in Bangladesh * Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Bangladesh is well on track to achieving Goal 1 with poverty coming down to 31. 5 percent in 2010. Also, the average annual rate of poverty reduction has been above rate required to meet the 2015 target. The poverty gap ratio has also decreased dramatically. Current StatusTarget 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income isless than $1 a day. 1. 1: Proportion of population below national upper poverty line, percent (38. 7 in 2008 bylinear extrapolation; 41. 2 in 2009 by household self-assessment)Status: on track1. 2: Poverty Gap Ratio, percent (9 in 2005)Status: on track1. 3: Share of poorest quintile in national consumption (NA)Target 1. B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, includingwomen and young people. 1. 5: Employment to population ratio, percent (58. 5 in 2006 and 59. 3 economically activein 2009)Status: needs attentionTarget 1. C: Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer fromhunger. 1. : Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age (6-59 months), (45% asof 2009)Status: needs attention1. 9: Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption, (40%as of 2005)Status: needs attention * Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education While a significant 95 percent has been achieved in terms of primary school enrollment, dropout rates remain high and therefore primary school com pletion rate low. Progress has been made in adult literacy 58 percent in 2010 but additional effort is needed to reach the target. Current StatusTarget 2. A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be ableto complete a full course of primary schooling2. : Net Enrollment Ratio in Primary EducationBenchmark: 60. 5 in 1991Current status: 91. 9 (2008)Target : 100Status : on track2. 2: Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5Benchmark: 43. 0 in 1991Current status: 54. 9 (2008)5Target : 100Status : needs attention2. 3: Literacy rate of 15+yrs olds, women and men (%)Benchmark: 36. 9 in 1991Current status: 58. 3 (2007)Target : 100Status : needs attention * Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality & Empower Women Bangladesh has achieved gender parity in primary and secondary education together with being on track with respect to percentage of women employed in agriculture sector. Current StatusTarget 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by2005 and to all levels of education no later than 20153. 1a: Ratio of girls to boys in primary education:Benchmark: 0. 83 in 1991Current status: 1. 01 (2008)Target : 1Status : Achieved before 20153. 1b: Ratio of girls to boys in secondary educationBenchmark: 0. 52 in 1991Current status: 1. 2 (2008)Target: 1Status: Achieved before 201573. 1c: Ratio of women to men in tertiary educationBenchmark: 0. 37 in 1991Current status: 0. 32 (2006)Target: 1Status: needs attention3. 2: Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sectorBenchmark: 19. 1 in 1991Current status: 24. 6 (2008)Target: 50%Status: needs attention3. 3: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliamentBenchmark: 12. in 1991Current status: 19 (2009)Target: 33%Status: needs attention * Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality The country is on track with regard to achieving this goal. Significant strides have been made in all three indicators and if the trend sustains, the country will meet t he 2015 target well ahead of schedule. Current StatusTarget 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate. 4. 1: Under five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)Benchmark: 146 in 1991Current status: 53. 8Target: 48Status : on track4. 2: Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)Benchmark: 92 in 1991Current status: 41. 3Target : 31Status : on track4. 3: Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measlesBenchmark: 54 in 1991Current status: 82. Target : 100Status : on track * Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health This goal has been a major turnaround and is now truly a track to be achieved by 2015. Current StatusTarget 5. A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortalityratio. 5. 1: Maternal mortality ratio (per 1,000 live births):Base year 1991: 574Current status: 348Target : 143Status : needs attention5. 2: Proportion of births attended by Skilled Health Personnel (percent):Base year 1991: 5Current status: 24Target : 50 Status : needs attentionTarget 5. B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health. 5. 3: Contraceptive prevalence rate (%)Base year 1991: 40Current status: 60Target : 100Status : needs attention5. : Adolescent birth rate (per 1,000 women)Base year 1991: 77Current status: 60Target : -Status : needs attention5. 5A: Antenatal care coverage (at least 1 visit) (%)Base year 1991: 28Current status: 60Target : 100Status : needs attention115. 5B: Antenatal care coverage (4 or more visits) (%)Base year 1991: 6Current status: 21Target : 100Status : needs attention5. 6: Unmet need for family planning (%)Base year 1991: 19Current status: 17Target : 7. 60Status : needs attention * Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases Bangladesh has made some progress in combating the spread of malaria with the number of prevalence dropping from 776. 9 cases per 100,000 in 2008 to 512. 6 in 2010. Current StatusTarget 6.A Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS6. 1: HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 yearsBase year: 0. 005Current status: 0. 319 (2007)Target: HaltingStatus: on track6. 2: Condom use at last high-risk sexBase year:Current status: 44-67%Target:Status: need attention6. 3: Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledgeof HIV/AIDSBase year:Current status: 15. 8 (2006)Target:Status: need attentionTarget 6. C Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and othermajor diseases6. 6A: Incidence of malaria per 100 000 populationBase year: 776. 9 (2008)Current status: 586. 0 (2009)Target: 310. Status: on track6. 6B: Death rate associated with malaria per 100,000 populationBase year: 1. 4 (2008)Current status: 0. 4 (2009)Target: 0. 6Status: on track6. 7: Proportion of children under-5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bed netsBase year: 81% (2008)Current status: 81% (2009)Target: 90%Status: on track136. 8: Proportion of children under-5 with fever who are treated with appropria te antimalarialdrugsBase year: 60% (2008)Current status: 80% (2009)Target: 90% (By 2015)Status: on track6. 9A: Prevalence of tuberculosis per 100,000 populationBase year: 639 (1990)Current status: 412Target: 320 (50% reduction)/HaltingStatus: 36% reduction/on track6. B: Death rate associated with tuberculosis per 100,000 populationBase year: 76 (1990)Current status: 50 (2008)Target: 50% reductionStatus: 35% reduction/on track6. 10a: Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected under DOTSBase year: 21% (1994)Current status: 70% (2009)Target: 70%Status: achieved/on track6. 10b: Proportion of tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS:Base year: 71% (1995)Current status: 92%Target : >85%Status: achieved/on track * Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability While significant progress has been made in terms of access to safe drinking water and sanitary latrines in urban areas, the same remains a challenge in rural areas.Also maintaining wet-lands and bio-diversity is still a challenge. Current St atus7. 1: Proportion of land area covered by forestCurrent status: 19. 2% (Tree density > 10%),Target: 20% (Tree density> 70%)Status: needs attention7. 2: CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)Current status: 0. 30Status: on track7. 3: Consumption of ozone-depleting substances (metric tons per capita)Current status: 127. 88Target: 0,15Status: on track7. 4: Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limitsCurrent status: 54 inland fish species & 16 marine species are threatenedStatus: need attention7. 5: Proportion of total water resources usedCurrent status: 6. 6% in 2000,Status: needs attention7. : Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protectedCurrent status: 1. 78% terrestrial & 0. 47% marine areas protected (2010),Target: 5%,Status: needs attention7. 7: Proportion of species threatened with extinctionCurrent status: 201 inland, 18 marine & 106 vascular plants are threatened,Target: improvement of ecosystems for protection of species compareto 2000 situation,Status: ne eds attention7. 8: Proportion of population using an improved drinking water sourceCurrent status: 86%Target: 100%,Status: needs attention7. 9: Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facilityCurrent status: 89%Target: 100%,Status: needs attention7. 0: Proportion of urban population living in slumsCurrent status: 7. 8 %,Status: needs attention * Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development Penetration of telephone lines and internet, particularly cell phone usage, has increased to a great extent but youth employment rate is still low. | | As clearly identified during the recent MDGs needs assessment and costing exercise, Bangladesh needs more resources to achieve MDGs. Immediate efforts need to be undertaken by development partners to examine the gaps and renew efforts to support critical MDG-oriented sectors. At the same time, the imbalance between loans and grants should be addressed by increasing the share of grants in ODA.In Bangladesh there have been numbe rs of policies, strategies, and implementation programmers, activities and interactions and debates surrounding the MDGs. In fact MDGs have emerged a way we are travelling through to the one goal of peace, prosperity and humanity. Conclusion Theatre for Humans believes the Millennium Development Goals are at the very heart of the stories to be portrayed in its’ inaugural production and will strive to bring these goals to the attention of as wide an audience as possible in order to further the dialogue needed for change. Adopted by world leaders in the year 2000 and set to be achieved by 2015, the MDGs are both global and local, tailored by each country to suit specific development needs.They provide a framework for the entire international community to work together towards a common end – making sure that human development reaches everyone, everywhere. If these goals are achieved, world poverty will be cut in half, tens of millions of lives will be saved, and billions more people will have the opportunity to benefit from the global economy. The MDGs are evident in the national planning framework. The revised National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper has adopted a holistic approach to reduce poverty and improve other social indicators to achieve the MDGs, with special attention to the lagging regions. Overall Bangladesh’s progress might be slow, but in some sector like child mortality, improvement of maternity health, primary education etc has the fast progress.So it is a positive sign that we can achieve the goals, might not in 2015 but in near future definitely. Bibliography * https://www. google. com/search? num=10&hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1366&bih=593&q=mdg&oq=mdg&gs_l=img. 3†¦ 1994. 2403. 0. 2934. 3. 3. 0. 0. 0. 0. 205. 276. 1j0j1. 2. 0†¦ 0. 0†¦ 1ac. 1. DQ5fVJymYv8 * https://www. google. com/search? num=10&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=593&q=mdg&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iw&ei=SlGzUPjhNsTQrQfh5YCYCg * http://en. wikipedia. o rg/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals * http://www. undp. org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview. html * https://www. google. com/#hl=en&tbo=d&output=search&scl