The mortals as well as the immortals

Shakespeare in his drama â€Å" A Midsummer-Night’s Dream† has tried to show that the course of romantic love never runs smooth. He has made the readers and the viewers realize that this world doesn’t receive the lovers with garlands, rather it try to litter the path, where lovers tread, with thorns.   try their level best to keep the lovers away from tying the nuptial knots. The final consummation of lovers’ passion into marriage depends solely on their commitments to their passions and their steadfastness in achieving their goals. In this essay we will try to prove the assertion `the course of true love never did run smooth’. Shakespeare 1.1.134, supporting our viewpoints by instances taken from the drama, â€Å" A Midsummer-Night’s Dream†.Fathers and mothers-the universal, eternal and traditional enemies of innocent lovers:It happens in real life as well as Shakespeare made us see it in the drama too that fathers, mothers or both try to spoil the love-broth, that their sons and daughters cook with such warm feelings and passion. In this dram Egeus played this despicable role. He proved himself an adamant and unyielding father.He wishes his daughter to be slave to his iron will. He comes to complain to the duke against his child’s behavior who refuses to marry Demetrius .He, therefore, requests the Duke that the time-honored law of Athens, which gives full authority to a parent to dispose of his child on any way he like, should be place din his hand. He was blind to the fact that â€Å" Love obeys no law†. Though Hermia wanted her father to agree with her views but he, on the other hand, cried,â€Å"I beg the ancient privilege of Athens,/As she is mine, I may dispose of her:/Which shell be either to this gentleman/Or to her death, according to our law/Immediately provided in that case.If the passion of love is true and intense, it will get itself realized no matter how heavy the odds are:Shakes peare made the viewers and the readers realize that if the passion of love is true it will definitely be precipitate into marriage in spite of all the dangers that threaten it. Hermia’s devotedness to her love was so strong enough that she chooses to live ‘ a barren sister all her life’ than to dessert her lover and marry the other man of her father’s choice.She run away with her lover, under the spell of her passion, and succeeded in marrying the man of her choice in the end and lived happily ever after. Like wise the case with Helena who is in love with Demetrius. Such is the intensity of her passion for her lover that she said to him,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And I am sick when I look not on you.†   Shakespeare 2.1.214.  She knew that Demetrius wanted to marry Hermia but she believed in the truth of her love and thus at last succeeded in winning him over to her side. Shakespeare here suggests that true love is immensely powerful.

Is Bottled Water Safer than Tap Water?

The question on whether on whether bottled water is safer for drinking than tap water is marked with many controversies and therefore it is a subject of discussion. This paper seeks to discuss reasons as to why bottled water is not safer than tap water. The National Resource Defense Council confirmed that the rules regulating bottled water were not sufficient to guarantee the people’s safety. The food and drug administration was responsible for the bottled water at national levels and allowed carbonated water (NRDC, 2008).Further to this, bottled water is not often tested for bacterial or any other contamination and this creates loop holes for unsafe water to be bottled. Bottled water has been confirmed by the Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) through a four year research review to be not necessarily safe. This research study was inclusive of the safety standards that regulate the bottled water industry in comparison with the national rules governing the tap water.The NR DC after carrying out test on over 1000 bottles come to the conclusion that a reasonable percentage of all bottled water was just tap water, which was not treated (NRDC, 2008). The fact that different water bottling companies exist and carry their bottling procedures differently need to be appreciated right at the beginning of this paper otherwise its content could be generalized unnecessarily. This is because as per the National Resource Defense council, some companies’ product was found to satisfy the safety rules but others proved to be contaminated by harmful chemicals which were put with an aim of improving test.Research studies have shown that plastic bottle which are commonly used for bottling water have some chemicals which can disassociate and leach into the water. These chemicals are known to affect testosterone which is a vital hormone in human beings. References Natural Resource Defense Council. (2008). Bringing Safe Water to the World. Retrieved August 11, 2010, from http://www. nrdc. org/international/safewater. asp

The Impacts of Economics Crisis in Indonesia

The economic crisis, which hit Indonesia, began in Thailand in June 1997. It rapidly spread, causing stocks to tumble and many Asian currencies to fall, the worst of all the Indonesian Rupiah. Indonesia†s worsening economic situation is mainly due to the sharp depreciation of Rupiah against the US dollar. Being out of our government†s control, the Rupiah keeps on sliding further and at its lowest point touched a level of Rp. 17,000 against the US dollar. Realizing that the economy will not recover overnight, it takes time and serious effort to bring back the economy on the right track. In order to cover the budget deficit, the Indonesian government asked the assistance from the International Monetary Fund. As for the revival of the economic crisis, Indonesia needs massive aid. The crisis has caused the banking sector to collapse dramatically. The large number of banks in my country might be one of the main problems as there are more than 265 units. The recent economic crisis has put more burdens on the banking sector so the government decided to close down 16 ailing private banks without a full guarantee on the return of their deposit funds. This has forced depositors to draw their savings and moved to foreign and government banks which resulted in a big rush for several private banks. Due to this, The Central Bank has to print new money for injection and bailing out the insolvent banks caused by the rush. By printing money, the government unintentionally prompted the outbreak of hyperinflation. Panicked by this, the Central Bank decided to raise interest rates. As a result, companies that were highly dependent on loans are forced to close down. Many Indonesian factories are facing financial difficulties due to the huge and extensive overseas debts and a tremendous dependence on importing raw material and supplies. We know that most factories have been too dependent on imports and their owners much too attracted to foreign capital without hedging. They are facing problems with loan repayment due to the drastic depreciation of the Rupiah. Even medium and small enterprises are facing the same problem. They have difficulty in running their businesses since they could not afford to pay the high interest rate. Meanwhile, the economy continues to deteriorate with the annual inflation rate once rising more than 100%. A lot of factories are closing down and the number of unemployed people increase. The increasing numbers of companies that went bankrupt and the factories, which are closing down, have intensified the quantity of jobless people and unemployment. To anticipate the long crisis, most companies have to restructure their management systems. It is important in the crisis era for companies to achieve efficiency and stick to market oriented operation. For efficiency, companies cannot avoid but reducing the operation cost and working hours. This resulted in the huge number of lay-off and cutting down number of employees. According to prediction, this crisis has caused at least 20 million people to become jobless, 20% of the school children are at serious risk of dropping out of school as a result of shrinking family incomes, soaring unemployment, and hyperinflation. Along with the severe drought, which threatened to push as many as 50 million people into poverty, increasing unemployment, hunger and poverty has also been created. This serious problem has incited crime, chaos, and social unrest. Poor people can no longer afford to buy staple food and basic essential commodities. Even subsidies could no longer assist with the people becoming more easily tempted and incited to commit crime. Stealing, robbing, looting, destroying, and burning could no longer be avoided. The tragedy was on May 14, 1998, when the mass riots started in Jakarta. The angry mobs started to loot, destroy and burn down shops, supermarkets, cars, housing complexes and even the Chinese minority became the target by being physically assaulted and abused. The reason is because most Chinese dominate the business factor. Direct losses are approximately US$ 909 million. This resulted in a stagnation of the business, transportation and distribution sector since most Chinese have fled the country. This mid-May riot has left a traumatic effect on me. I am deeply grieved that these things should happen to my own country and people. Motivated by this tragedy, I promise that I will contribute with my knowledge to help my country in difficult time like now. My strong commitment is to try to minimize the impact of the economic crisis.

The Changes in American Foreign Policy at the Turn of the 20th Century Essay

The Changes in American Foreign Policy at the Turn of the 20th Century - Essay Example In addition to US political, social and economic influence on other countries, foreign policy also covers humanitarian, military, and ideological concerns. This paper seeks to discuss the changes in American foreign policy at the turn of the 20th century. Controlling territories and political alliances During the initial years of the 20th century, United States had less imperial powers as compared to European countries. In order to gain control over other territories including Philippines, Cuba, and Spain, US resulted into war. However, the occurrence of great depression in 1930s weakened the US military strength. This made the country to lack ability to retaliate when Pearl Harbor was struck by Japan in 1941. One of the major initiatives that made US to be involved in European affairs was the World War 1. A major change in US foreign policy was experienced after World War II. After the war, US led in establishing United Nations that was focused at restoring peace in the world and av oiding occurrence of another World War (James 36). Even though US emulated the aspect of isolationist after World War 1, the country was again involved in European affairs when it initiated Marshall Plan that aimed at restoring the political strength of European countries. In addition to the creation of UN, US also established other political alliances such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). One of the major implications on the alliances was creation of strong relationship between US and foreign countries resulting to political and economic growth in many countries. Containment of the Soviet Union The economic, ideological and military competition that existed between Soviet Union and US, led to the creation of massive nuclear weapons. Even though the two countries did not go to war, the strategy of containing the communism and the Soviet Union resulted to the involvement of US in the Vietnam and Korean (James 17). US leadership In order to ensure democracy in US and other countries, United States emulated effective leadership styles. The responsibility of Theodore Roosevelt in building US and controlling other countries cannot be ignored. For example, during the establishment of Panama Canal, Colombian government resisted the US move to make the canal enter the Republic of Colombia. However, even though Roosevelt who was then US president had the power to fight Colombia government, he did not directly go to war with Colombia but supported Panama to fight Colombia as the former sought for independence. The diplomacy depicted by Roosevelt is evident when he led in the negotiation between Russia and Japan in 1905 that resulted to the end of war between the two countries. The leadership style adopted by Roosevelt had a positive implication on the US and other countries culture in that it portrayed the importance of recognizing the importance of emulating negotiation to solve cultural conflicts that are experienced in many countries especially third world nations. Gulf invasion The invasion of Iraq by US in 1990 was not only based on the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq but also it was due to other political and economic reasons (Hiro 23). Due to the high amount of oil in Saudi Arabia, US wanted to support Saudi Arabia in order to benefit from the oil supplies from Saudi Arabia. In addition, the abuse of human rights by President Saddam propelled the invasion of Iraq by US. As a result of the Gulf conflict, the economy of many countries was affected regardless

Individualsm and collectivism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individualsm and collectivism - Assignment Example Collectivism advocates for the importance of social groups always having cohesion. Therefore collectivists will focus mainly on the society or the nation or even the community and not on individuals (Donohue, 1995, p.7). In the United States, individualism and collectivism can be seen in many ways. Individualism can be dated back to the 17th and 18th century in United States. A perfect event of individualism in American history was the frontier. A person was believed to fail or to succeed based on their own individual effort. Many people actually died during this period trying to prove to them that they can be individualists in the frontier farms and the forests. Certain people like Franklin and Washington succeeded based on their own intelligence and ambition and they are perfect examples of individualism (Kim, 1994, p.23). Collectivism is something that was mainly practiced in United States after the world war. Events like United States gaining its independence from Europe in 1776 also shows that individualism worked really well for America. Today, United States wants to be a bigger part of something by practicing collectivism. An event of collectivism in United States was the political system whi ch happened to be representative democracy. In such an event when a president is elected by the majority the people are all expected to embrace their new leader. An ideal case in point would be the choice of Barack Obama as the president in 2012. The totality of the votes casted in the college showed the collectivism of the people in the election of the president (Kitayama, & Cohen, 2007, p.259). In the real world experience some people believe that individual work is what will make them successful while others believe working collectively in a society is what will bring about success. These two aspects help one understand the cultural differences of people. In individualist culture they put the

Disciplining students with disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disciplining students with disabilities - Essay Example ly, discipline makes students learn how to manage and control their own behavior, and lastly, discipline can also ensures an effective classroom climate that has positive impact on the students. Regardless of whether the students are disabled or not, disciplinary action is deemed necessary to ensure control and management of the students. All students have a right to be disciplined using the prescribed procedural and substantive areas of discipline. These rights are provided for under the 4th and 14th amendments of the US Constitution. Procedural procedure includes fairness of the disciplinary actions, while substantive process protects student rights from being violated by school officials and ensures that the discipline is reasonable, regardless of the student’s physical condition. Students with disabilities are protected from discriminatory disciplinary action under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (1973). There are certain procedures that are to be followed to avoid such discrimination. First of all, the school administration has to use same procedures for disciplining both students with or without disabilities. Secondly, school officials have to conduct the manifestation determination in order to assess any relations between student disabilities and their misconduct, before applying any actions such as long-term suspension, expulsion or placement changes. Thirdly, school officials have to ensure the teachers are conversant with the provisions of the law (such as provisions of section 504), so as due procedures are followed during disciplinary action. There are three major pointers that underlie disciplinary changes of the 1997 IDEA and the 2004 IDEA. To begin with, the law categorically emphasizes on the adoption of positive behavioral interventions, support programs and provision of specialized services for students with disabilities. This ensures that such students are less likely to be punished. Secondly, school officials and teachers are expected

Job security and its impact on national security Thesis Proposal - 1

Job security and its impact on national security - Thesis Proposal Example Even with the variable pictures portrayed by the different employment versions in the modern society, there has been a keen insight into the impact of securing jobs, particularly among youths, to the general national security. There has been a general association of high level of employment with reduced criminal activities in the society and the nation at large. For instance, many observers believe that upon securing employment, many youths are able to sufficiently meet their respective needs for livelihood hence less likely to engage in unlawful activities. In this respect, therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the various effects of job security in United Arabs Emirates together with its impacts on the national security of the country. The relationship between the rates of aggregate employment and crime incidences have initially been analyzed but the outcome of the same has demonstrated massive inconsistence. The discrepancies observed could be largely associated with the inconsistence in application of both sociological and economic theory, together with numerous issues related to the methodology of the previous researches. According to Atkinson, Healeyand Mourato (2005), a crime is equated to a decision by an individual on the basis of the possible gain or loss. Predicting the impact of job security and employment among youths to the public policy and law enforcement in the nation could be of much significance in making of informed decisions thus reducing the law enforcement costs and enhancing the effectiveness of the anti-crime strategies (Torka and Schyns, 2007). There is high interest among the policy makers to identify the individuals who are more vulnerable to engaging in criminal offences thus posing a security threat to the national security in the UAE (Bovenberg and Wilthagen, 2009). In order to inform this evidence

Have not been given a title, have to make one up. have to choose one Essay

Have not been given a title, have to make one up. have to choose one aspect of culture or global media and compare how it influences all aspects of communication - Essay Example ate and focus on the gender stereotypes that are portrayed through commercials, movies and television programs, all of which have successfully shaped the minds of people into forming stereotypes about the male and the female sex, often misrepresenting both genders. Television is mostly blamed for transmitting stereotypical messages and beliefs to children and adolescents, who may carry these beliefs into adulthood. Furthermore, messages about gender are not only stereotypical, they are also harmful. Children learn from what they see on television since a large part of their education does not only come from school. Therefore, it is through television where their expectations about men and women, and they build their own stereotypical view of both sexes and the world around them through this form of media. It is also through television where other forms of media get their content from. The Internet for instance, gets a large portion of their content from television, as well as magazine and newspaper content. Billboards and the models that they put on them are also all from television, and the gossip talk shows to be heard on radio programmes are also influenced by this form of media. In addition to this, media, particularly television, has been regarded as the outlet where children and adolescents gain their knowledge about controversial issues such as sex. These days too, the message of sex is a whole lot less conservative than it was decades ago, when it was still quite a taboo topic to be broadcasted widely. The danger of television stems from the fact that young people spend more time watching television than they normally do with their peers, their school and even with their parents. Reports from teenagers claim that they extract most of their knowledge regarding sexual and romantic guidelines from media, especially television. On a further note, television appeals to this young age group because of the lack of embarrassment that is involved. With television,

Climate Change and Its Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Climate Change and Its Impact - Essay Example This project will show the fingerprint and harbinger of climate change manifesting through erratic weather patterns or ecological conditions and the possible solutions that can be offered to mitigate its impact. The particular discussion is given to Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The effects of climate change are increasingly felt in many parts around the world. Human life and activities are affected by weather and climate, and changes in climate affect man and animals, food production, water sources and health (Department of Ecology, n.d.). Short-term changes in climate can be classified as normal weather conditions, but utilizing observation on a long-term basis, a trend in changing climate has been identified (Department of Ecology, n.d.). The drastic and unusual effect of climate change that have affected not a few countries are the following: coldest winter in UK in 2008-2009 (since 1996-1997), strong North Atlantic storm in British Isles in 2009 (disrupted power and damaged build ings), Midwest heavy rains and worst floods in June 2008 (since 1993), hurricane Omar in July 2008 with winds of 205 km/hour and ravaged a wide area for 17 days, tropical storm Fay that hit Florida four times with its 100 km/hour winds, the worst drought that hit Spain and Portugal in 2008, the worst South California wildfire that damaged an area of 8,100 hectares in April 2009, the worst Mexico drought in August 2009 that affected 3.5 million farmers, the northern Africa flooding that affected Algeria and Morocco in September to November 2008, and several others (UNEP, 2009). Due to the obvious effects of climate change that include erratic and strong weather conditions, fluctuating temperatures, or changing seasons, states and nations, international organizations, concerned groups and individuals call on everyone.

Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms Essay Example for Free

Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms Essay Problem: When a team of individuals produce a single output the problem arises on how to contribute the reward so that every individual is equally rewarded. This article examines three different mechanisms to deal with this issue: 1.Markets Markets deals with the control problem through precise measurement and reward of individual contributions. 2.Bureaucrats Bureaucrats rely on a mixture of close evaluation with socialized acceptance of common objectives. 3.Clans Clans rely on a relatively complete socialization process which effectively eliminates goal incongruence between individuals. Introduction: Controls (by Tannenbaum)=sum of interpersonal influence relations in an organization Controls (Ezioni)= control is equivalent to power Controls (Weber)= a problem in creating and monitoring rules through a hierarchical authority system Main questions in article: 1) What are the mechanisms through which an organization can be managed so that it moves towards its objectives? 2) How can the design of these mechanisms be improved, what are the limits of each design? An example: The parts supply division Purchasing department: buys 100.000 items (p.a.) from 3.000 suppliers purchased by 22 employees on 3 management levels. †¢Purchasing officer send out request to 3 manufacturers and adds information on reliability, and the order †¢Supervisor Consults agents if they need help and reminds workers that they are not allowed to accept presents Warehousing operations: 1.400 employees (incl. 150 manager) †¢Pickers and packers (worker) †¢Supervisor (manager) Formal authority (written rules) Informal authority (personality) Three mechanisms: 1.Market mechanism purchasing function Agents and supervisory employ market mechanism: to minimize cost for the company by picking the best price on the markets. In a market prices convey all of the information necessary for efficient decision-making. Frictionless market: Prices represent exactly the value of good or service. Therefore reward can be contributed in direct proportion to contribution of employee! Agents and supervisory are subject to bureaucratic mechanisms: Their work is controlled by a set of bureaucratic surveillance controls (performance evaluation, hierarchical oder-giving) 2.Bureaucratic mechanism warehousing function Warehousing is subject to routines of monitoring and directing. This is done by close personal surveillance and direction of subordinates by superiors, based on a set of rules. Rules vs. price: Rules are arbitrary (beliebige) standards without comparison, based on assigned values of (successful) actions. Prices imply that a comparison has already taken place. Prices are far more efficient means of controlling transactions than are rules. However, the conditions necessary for frictionless prices can rarely be met, and in such conditions the bureaucratic form, despite its inadequacies, is preferred. 3.Informal social / clan mechanism Supervisors can rely on bureaucratic mechanisms but this requires surveillance which is associated with costs. But when the supervisor knows that his workers achieve the right objectives, he can eliminate many of the costly forms of audition and surveillance. Social and informational prerequisites of control The three models can be arranged along two dimensions: 1.Informational requirements =prerequisite to successful operation 2.Social underpinnings = Set of agreements between people, as a bare minimum, is basis for control Type of controlSocial requirementsInformational requirements MarketsNorm of Reciprocity (Wechselwirkung) Prices BureaucracyNorm of Reciprocity Legitimate authorityRules ClanNorm of Reciprocity Legitimate authority Shared values, beliefsTraditions The informational prerequisite of control: While a Clan is the most demanding and the Market the least demanding with respect to social underpinnings, the opposite is true when it comes to information. Within large organizations departments tend to develop own jargon in which complex information is easily transported. Each system carries information on how to behave: †¢Explicit system: accounting system easily accessible by newcomer (system is created) †¢Implicit system: is far less complete in its ability to convey information. e.g. US Senate need years to understand flow of information (systems grow up) Companies attempting to control the organization through a price (=market) mechanism use transfer prices to represent prices of internal performances. The advantage should be obtained by using the best prices within the firm. Organizations can also create an explicit set of rules (behavior as well as production and output) that will cover every situation and therefore cut the information problem down by using rules that will cover 90% of all events and depending upon hierarchical authority to settle the remaining 10%. Again legitimate authority is critical to bureaucracy. In a Clan the information is contained in the rituals, stories and ceremonies. So to say the information system does not require a information system, its just there. For example Chinese-American Hui: conducts business as venture capital lender but they also enter risky businesses and even the repayments are left open. Entry is only granted by birthright, a practice that guarantees that every member is part in the same social network and therefore behave to the same rules and principles. While the Market and Clan are both specialized approaches it is the Bureaucratic which is the system that is most flexible. Of course, under certain circumstance both the Market and Clan approach will deliver better results but the Bureaucratic can withstand high rates of turnover, a high degree of heterogeneity and it does not have very demanding informational needs. Designing Control Mechanisms: Costs and Benefits Two ways of effective people control: 1. Find people that fit needs exactely 2. find people that dont fit exactly but use a managerial system to instruct, monitor and evaluate them Best approach depends on costs. Ad 1. is associated with costs and search and acquisitions but their skills will help to reduce costs in the long-run. Ad 2. includes trainings costs and a the costs for the supervisory system but reduces high turnover. Search and select ‘clan-type’ people: Cost of Search and Acquisition: High Wages Benefit: Perform tasks without instruction, work hard Instruct people into the ‘clan’ system: Cost of training: instruct, monitor, and evaluate unskilled workers (who are likely to be indifferent to learn organization skills and values). High rates of turnover. Costs of monitoring: developing rules, supervising. Benefit: heterogeneous system of people that can be controlled. Explicit rules (codified knowledge) offset turnover costs. Loose coupling and The Clan as a Form of Control New view with impact on designing control mechanisms. The ability to measure either output or behavior which is relevant to the desired performance is critical to the rational application of market or bureaucratic forms of control. Knowledge of transformation process: Tin Can plant: If we understand the technology (e.g. production process and what it takes for a successful production) perfectly, we can achieve effective control by setting rules that lead to behavior and processes that lead to our desired transformation steps. Thus, we can create an effective bureaucratic control mechanism. Womens boutique: On the other hand, if we dont understand what is needed (e.g. control system for womens boutique) to be a successful buyer or merchandiser, we cant create rules. But we can measure output (turnover per buyer, salex volumes,). So we can use the output control mechanism to monitor various indicators and set actions accordingly. Apollo Program: Each step of the transformation (assembling) is crystal clear and we have a output measure (it comes back or not). Thus we have the choice and the lower cost alternative will be preferred: clearly as the cost of failure would be prohibitive (untragbar) and more elaborate behavior control system will be installed. Reseach Lab: We have the ability to define the rules of behavior and we can measure the output which will be some 10 years in the future. Certainly a strong output control system will be used but effectively this cannot guarantee success so neither behavior nor output measurement will be sufficient, leaving us with no rational form of control. Therefore such organizations rely on ritualized, ceremonial forms of controls. This approach only works with the recruitment of a selected few individuals, with the same schooling and professionalization process. Another organizations using this form: Hospitals, Investement banks, Whereas output and behavior control can be implemented through a market or bureaucracy, ceremonial forms of control can be implemented through a clan. Closing observations Depending on the organization and its requirements it has to be choosen which control systems works best. E.g.: manufacturing: behavior and output control vs. service org.: cultural or clan controls. Nevertheless every control system is directed at achieving cooperation by: †¢Market mechanism: each persons contribution is evaluated; combined with a personal loss of reward †¢Clan mechanism: attain cooperation by selecting and sozialising individuals such that their objectives overlap with the organizations objectives †¢Bureaucratic mechanism: does a little of each, partly evaluates performance and partly engenders feelings of commitment to the idea of legitimate authority in hierarchies Two main questions: 1. Clarity with which the performance can be assessed 2. Degree of goal incongruence (either trust each other or control each other)

Plan for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Prevention

Plan for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Prevention Healthy People 2020 identified intimate partner violence (IPV) as an increasing public health issue. Previously thought of as a private matter, IVP has received little attention by the health care sector. IPV affects millions, both men and women; it crosses racial, ethnic, religious, economic, and educational groups. The financial effects of IPV are estimated at $ 5.8 billion annually in the U.S. alone. The incidence of IPV is a growing public health issue and to raise awareness and education is a goal of the Healthy People 2020 initiatives (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). This objective may be attainable by the increased number of physician offices, medical clinics, emergency room waiting areas, and health department clinics distributing the printed educational information (pamphlets, brochures, and posters), as well as the information distributed by in-office educational television. The goal is increasing collaboration with distribution and posting of printed mate rials in the waiting areas and strategic places in medical facilities. Evaluation of the increased awareness of the medical community will be based on the number of agreements, of the offices, to distribute educational material and information. Short term goals will be to raise awareness and dissemination of information and knowledge pertaining to IPV. Long term goals will be to continue the increase of information to inter-office television information and broadcasting for intimate partner violence, and future classes through the health department and schools for IPV prevention and interventions. Articles reviewed from the CDC, American Association of College of Nurses, Crisis Prevention Centers, ENA, and American Family Physician agree that to inform and educate medical staff and patients about intimate partner violence, will help increase the community awareness of intimate partner violence. Key concepts include: healthcare professionals, domestic violence, interventions, education, and awareness. The Information-Motivation-Behavior-Skills Model (IMB) will be utilized to develop the plan for intimate partner violence prevention. The IMB model provides a platform to design interventions, to help instigate change in the pattern of behavior, and to develop prevention measures. This includes three concepts: 1) Information: targeting the concepts that are used make behavioral changes and ways to achieve changes. Information generates knowledge, which shapes attitudes, which leads to behaviors (Mehta, 2010). 2) Motivation: deals with personal attitudes toward positive health behavior and uses existing social support systems to enhance motivation. Motivation is of two types: personal motivation, which is based on personal attitudes toward behaviors, and social motivation are to engage in prevention based on social responsibilities (Mehta, 2010) 3) Behavior: actions that allow the learning of skills required to make a change. Behavioral skills are the individual’s ability and self-efficiency to performing the action required to make the behavioral change (Mehta, 2010). This framework is appropriate for the intended project as it includes the three elements needed to achieve practice and policy changes in most healthcare settings. Information targeting intimate partner violence, being displayed in medical facilities, will assist in making the employees of the facility, as well as the patients more aware. Motivation, even for well-informed individuals, is to undertake health promotion action and support the efforts toward awareness. Behavioral is based on if the individuals that have the knowledge and motivation, and have the required self-efficacy in carrying out a health promotion behavior plan (Mehta, 2010). Interventions are designed and implemented based on the health behavior. Presenting the information to make changes is the first step to any behavior change. The evaluation or outcome is conducted to assess the impact of the intervention to produce the desired effect. This model focuses on the individual by providing information and intervention on how to change the personal attitudes and behaviors, and the environmental by showing how health promotion may be affected by individual and social support systems (Gielen, 2003). Placing awareness information or education in medical facilities, in strategic spots, such as bathrooms, examine rooms, and waiting areas, will allow the patients the opportunity to read and take the pamphlets, brochures, or resource cards with them when leaving the premises (McClure, 1996). It also lets the patients know that the staff is supportive and understand the importance of interventions and support for those that need assistance, or just want to discuss the issue (B.J.Walton-Moss J.C.Campbell, 2002). Knowledgeable and supportive medical personnel may be able to refer the patient to the appropriate community resource or program. By displaying information openly, or discreetly, improves the chance of prevention and behavioral changes (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The plan for increasing the awareness of medical facilities and clinics will include discussions with physicians, nurses, advanced nurse practitioners, and all other medical care providers that provide care and assist in decisions related to patient education and information displayed in the offices, clinics, or clinical settings. The planned direction of the discussions will be on the increased awareness, and agree to place educational material related to intimate partner violence, available community resources, resource cards, and hotline numbers for help. The addition of inter-office television information related to IPV will be discussed, and information on obtaining this programming will be furnished (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2013). Information pertaining to patient screening and staff training related to continued education credits for the medical staff will be furnished (CEU.Fast.com, 2014). There are many governmental agencies that have the instructional materials, screening programs, and programs for staff development available at nominal costs, as well as programs that are free for many medical facilities that agree to participate in clinical prevention (VAWnet). When increasing the awareness of medical providers and their staff, on the public health issue of intimate partner violence, the added benefits of education and awareness of the public obtained through the medical office, may increase the community awareness and practice and attitudes toward IPV (Future Without Violence). The increased awareness may help in decreasing the incidence of IPV and the significant health issues related to IPV (Power). As it is the responsibility of all medical professionals to improve the health of their communities and the people of the community, it is the responsibility of the APN to be involved in community education and awareness of fellow medical professionals, on the complications and long term medical issues resulting from IPV, measures to prevent IPV, and educational measures that may be implemented for the prevention and assessment of this public health issue (Rhodes Levinson, 2003). References: B.J.Walton-Moss, D., J.C.Campbell, P. R. (2002, January). Intimate Partner Violence: Implication for Nurses. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 7(1). Retrieved February 2014, from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategory/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodical/OJIN Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, July). National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nisvs/index Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Healthy People 2020. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: http://cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people.htm CEU.Fast.com. (2014). Domestic Violence (Intimate Partner Violence). Retrieved from CEU.Fast.com: http://www.ceu.fast.com/course/domesticviolence Cronholm, P., Fogarty, C. M., Ambul, P. M., Harrison, S. M. (2011, May 5). Intimate Partner Violence. American Family Physician, 83(10), 1165-1172. Retrieved February 2014, from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0515/p1165 Emergency Nurses Association. (2013, September). Intimate Partner Violence. Retrieved from Emergency Nurses Association: http://www.ena.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/PositionStatements Future Without Violence. (2013). Resource Material. Retrieved from Future Without Violence: http://www.secure3.convio.net/fopf/site/Ecommerce/1272334033? FOLDER Future Without Violence. (n.d.). The Call To Action: The Nurses Role in Routine Assessment for Intimate Partner Violence. Retrieved from Future Without Violence: http://www.futurewithoutviolence.org/userfiles/files/healthcare/nursing Healthy People 2020. (n.d.). Leading Health Indicators. Retrieved from Healthy People: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/LHI/default McClure, B. R. (1996). Domestic Violence: The Role of the Health Care Professional. Michigan Family Review, 2(1), 63-75. Retrieved February 15, 2014, from http://www.hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.4919087.0002.15 Mehta, K. (2010). Information-Motivation-Behavior Skill Model. Retrieved from P500-FALL2010: http://www.p500fall2010-wiki-wikispace.com/information-motivation-behavior+skill+model National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2013). Setup Collaborative Models of Care: HealthCare About Intimate Partner Violence. Retrieved from National Coalition Against Domestic Violence: http://www.healthcareaboutipv.org/gettingstarted/set-up-multidisciplinary-collaborative-models Power, C. R. (n.d.). Domestic Violence: What Can Nurses Do? Retrieved from Crisis Prevention Interventions. Rhodes, K. M., Levinson, W. M. (2003, February 5). Intervention for Intimate Partner Violence Against Women. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(5). Retrieved from http://www.jamanetwork.com/article,aspx?articleid=195899 VAWnet. (n.d.). Publications on Domestic Violence. Retrieved from National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women: http://www.nrcdv.org/dvam/catalog

Effect of Major Events on Host Community

Effect of Major Events on Host Community Do major events bring lasting benefit to host community? Introduction Most promoters of bids for major events, such as the Olympic and Commonwealth Games or the world cup, submit as part of the reasoning behind the decision to bid the lasting benefits that it will bring economic benefit to the host community in the short and long term. Furthermore, this argument is used as a justification for the considerable involved in staging such events. For example, as can be seen from the budget and capital cost reports from Beijing, which is hosting the 2008 Olympics Games, whilst the operation of the games itself is targeted to make a small profit (see appendix 1, table 1), the construction and infrastructure costs have been estimated at over $1.4 billion (see appendix 1, table 2), which the BOCOG[1] and Chinese government state will be recovered as a result of the longer term economic benefits that these costs will bring to the area, in terms of increased trade, employment, tourism, international and local trade and other local social community benefits. However, whilst researchers of this issue appears to agree, at least for the immediate area where the event is located, for example Beijing, there is an immediate economic benefit during the staging of the events, there is a significant difference of opinion as to a) whether there is a economic benefit for the wider geographical area and b) whether there is a lasting economic benefit for the host community subsequent to the event. Within this paper it is intended to concentrate upon the latter of these two questions in an effort to prove or disprove the following hypothesis: â€Å"Events provide no lasting benefit to the host community.† To assist with this analysis, it is intended to use data from the Olympics in Atlanta (1996), Sydney (2000), Athens (2004), together with brief references to the Beijing 2008 Olympics. To assess whether the case is true in relation to other major events, which may not have such a global attraction, the Manchester Commonwealth Games of 2002 have also been included within the selection. Overview of Events As can been noted earlier the operational costs of hosting a major event is sizable and, due to increasing concerns in areas such as security, which includes prevention of terrorism, these have increased significantly over the years (Baade and Matheson. 2002a, p.5). In terms of this expense Baade and Matheson (2002a, p.6) with Salt Lake City as spending $300 million, which must cast doubt on the appropriateness of the $50 million Beijing is planning to spend on this item (see appendix 1, table 1). Thus, it is not surprising that there has been a chequered history in terms of the profitability of staging such massive events. In recent history an example of these extremes can be foun, with Montreal recorded a $1 billion loss for the 1976 games whilst Los Angeles made a profit of $250 million for hosting the same event in the 1984. Nevertheless, in most cases the majority of these operational costs, with careful planning, marketing and promotion, are expected to be recovered from sponso rship and TV rights, which has the potential of bringing in over $1 billion in revenue in today’s terms, if measured against the past expectations CBS (1998). These figures pale into insignificance when compared to the capital and infrastructure cost, which runs into Billion’s of dollars, the return on which cannot be so easily calculated. Thus, in order to achieve a national government commitment to assist with the funding of the event, it is the task of the promoters to attempt to show that these costs will have long-term economic benefits for the community. The following is a brief overview of the capital and infrastructure costs incurred by the four locations chosen for analysis. Based upon 1996 prices, the total direct cost of the Sydney Olympics was calculated to be around A$8.4 billion, (Madden 2002, p.9), which relates to around US$4 billion, although when final figures were available this showed a similar increase against budget as Atlanta. In his study into these costs, Madden (2002, p.9), allocated them over a 12-year period from 1994/95 to 2005/06 as indicated in the following graph: As can be seen from this the majority of the monies post the event was spent on international tourism. Of these costs about $600 million was spent directly upon games visitors, and these would therefore have been recoverable from the games revenues. This leaves approximately $7.8 billion to be quantified as costs that should have a lasting economic benefit, in addition the benefits incurred during the event. Athens 2004 The cost of the games in Athens, originally budgeted to cost $5.6 billion, actually rose to over $8.5 billion Associated Press (2004). Part of this additional cost was caused by an exceptionally large security costs which, being the first games to be held post the 9/11 tragedy, soared to $1.5 billion. With Beijing budgeting to spend $14.25 billion on capital and infrastructure and $1.625 billion on operating costs making a total of just under $16 billion, although many experts are predicting that this figure will increase to over $20 billion, it is clear from the following graph that the costs of the games will have doubled with every staging of the event over a twelve-year period (see figure 1). In 2002 Manchester played host to the Commonwealth games. Originally the budget for this event was set at around  £25 (approximately $50), but the final amount climbed to between  £70-80 million ($140-160 million). Of this amount  £17 million was spent on a performance legacy programme, deliberately targeted to produce long-term benefits for the community. As the Olympic Games increases are significantly higher than the rate of inflation that any of these areas have suffered during the same period, it is apparent that the accuracy of forecasting the longer term economic benefits is becoming even more critical to both the organisers and the regional and national governments that are being asked to help fund these costs. Furthermore, as has been demonstrated with all of these events, the calculations of initial budgeting show considerable under-estimation when compared with the final costs, which suggests that the reliability of the organisers costs in relation to the longer term benefits Long-term Economic Benefits To determine whether the capital and infrastructure cost of an event has a long term benefit to the host community, the assessment of this process can only bet determined by the future economic development that occurs within that geographical location (Fort and Fizel 2004, p.91). Therefore to evaluate the hypothesis set at the commencement of this research, it is intended to use three of these factors, these being increase in GDP, employment and tourism activity. GDP Growth domestic product is an indicator that shows how well the economy is growing, usually based upon a per capita figure. One of the main arguments of those promoting the benefits of hosting an event is that it will contribute significantly towards improving that figure over future years. In reality, this does not appear to be the case when analysing the result for the events indicated. In all cases there were economic improvements in terms of GDP during the periods leading up to the staging of the events, although in some instances, these were not as high had been projected. Similarly, in the longer term, these increases were not sustained. For example, taking Sydney and New South Wales as an example, as can be seen from the following graph, whist there was a significant rise in GDP during the years from 1994/05 to 2000/01, immediately the games were over, this fell back sharply to a year on year decrease. Studies conducted by researchers into the Atlanta and Athens games, including Baade, Robert A. Victor Matheson. (2002) and Gratton and Henry (2001) have shown a similar reaction in relation to the GDP in each of these cases, with rising levels during the build-up period to the games, but little to no benefit for the following periods. This position also appears to be relevant to the economic effects of lesser events, as can be evidenced by the research into the benefits of the Manchester Commonwealth Games in 2002 (Eurotec 2007). The initial impact was encouraging, as was noted by one of the organisers at the time, who said: â€Å"We estimated that  £22m in business benefits across the northwest derived from the Games at the time,† says Rosin. â€Å"There was  £2.7m added value for every  £1m invested. There has been investment in the financial sectors, in the city centre and in particular in east Manchester. Associated retail development and the creation of employment for local people in this area can be directly attributed to the Commonwealth Games† (Editorial (2007). However, a graph of the impact on output of the games and legacy programme in this case (see figure 4) shows that, as with the Olympics, despite the initial benefits achieved prior and during the time the event was staged, in this case exceeding expectations, the longevity of this was short, with it falling away rapidly within one year. It is apparent from these findings that the significant improvement to GDP would only be temporary in nature and as a result contributes little to the long term improvement of the local community environment (Fizel et al 1999, p.75). Assuming that a study of other events of a similar magnitude to those identified operated upon a similar basis, it is therefore apparent that the GDP benefit would be condensed into the period of the event and limited thereafter, Employment Tourism Tourism is another area against which the success of the games can be measured. Whilst, in most cases there is an increase in the physical numbers of tourists visiting the area in the years leading up to the event and subsequently, the benefit of this has to be evaluated against the additional facilities that have been provided as a part of the capital and infrastructure costs. For example, if one looks at the Beijing games, the intention is to build sufficient hotels in the area to be able to offer 130,000 (BOCOG 2007). As this represents an increase of around 20% of the number of rooms that are available, whilst an increase in tourism will have an impact upon the local economy in some areas, unless it is in excess of 20%, it will have a detrimental impact upon the hotel and catering sector, which will either force down the unit price per room or result in a decrease in occupancy, either of which will reduce the fiscal benefit. Thus the measurement of costs can be evaluated by either their socio-economic, environmental or the estimated direct future impact they will have on a countries gross domestic product (GDP). For Beijing, all of these improvements will therefore provide a useful economic legacy of the games if managed correctly. However, in addition to the intangible benefits, there are the intangible costs that also need to be measured, both in real terms and potential. These can be defined into two main areas being, local but external to the event, future but unanticipated. In addition to the determinants outlined above, there are others than need to be taken into the equation to provide a more detailed analysis. For example, there is the potential displacement issue related to local residents at the time of the event, where homes are lost to make way for the additional infrastructure projects (Fizel 1999, p.72). Secondly, there is the long-term use of the facilities. In the case of Sydney, the authorities are still paying around $46 million a year to maintain facilities that have remained uneconomic since the event (Owen 2005). Finally, the impact that the event has on trade outside of the area also needs to be considered. Research has show that, whilst the immediately area businesses benefit from the event, others further away from its location tend to show a downturn during that period when events are being staged. (Owen 2005). These represent hidden costs that are a) not always taken into account by the bid promoters and b) difficult to quantify in terms of amount and the length of time that they should be calculated over. Conclusion The research conducted for this paper has been limited in terms of the events covered and the timescale over which these have been studied, being restricted to five events over a 12 year period from 1996 to 2008. However, from the analysis of the events used within this paper it can be seen that in the main, the hypothesis set at the commencement of this paper has been proven. Whilst most of the events showed an immediate economical benefit, this did not last for a significant period. Therefore, on balance of probabilities. we would agree with the statement made by Baade and Matheson (2002, p.28) which stated that the evidence suggests that the economic impact of the Olympics is transitory, onetime changes rather than a steady-state chane., Similarly, with the increasing costs of operating and staging these events showing every sign of continuing to escalate, the opportunity to reverse this trend will become even more difficult in the immediate to long term future, especially when on e takes into account the fact that even the cost of the London Olympics has exceeded the budgeted estimates. There appears to be two main reasons for the differential between the projected benefits and the actuality. The first of these relates to the accuracy of initial estimates, which as has been shown within the costings of the events studied, is significantly lower than they should be, which could be result from an effort to make the bids more attractive to the community and nation hosting the event or as a result of problems being experienced within the project management process. Secondly, it would appear that the economic determinants being used by the organisers are failing to pay enough attention to the results of previous events when creating their own model. All of these issues need to be addressed when making such projections and it will be interesting to revisit the issue following the Beijing games in 2008 to see whether any lessons have been learned in this respect. These issues have to be managed correctly if they are to stand a chance of producing a long term economic benef it (Humphreys and Hummer 1995, p. 6). References Arthur Andersen, Hospitality and Leisure Services, â€Å"The Sydney Olympic Performance Survey: The Sydney Olympic Games on the Australian Hotel Industry,† Mimeograph, November 2000, pp.1-7. Associated Press (2004). Games cost Athens over $8.5 Billion. Retrieved 30 November 2007 from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5761646/ Baade, Robert A. Victor Matheson. (2002). Bidding for the Olympics: Fools Gold? In Transatlantic Sport, edited by Barros, Ibrahim, and Szymanski. Edward Elgar Publishing. New York, US. Baade, Robert A. Victor Matheson. (2002a). Mega-Sporting Events in Dveloping Nations: Playing the Way to Prosperity. Retrieved 30 November 2007 from http://www.williams.edu/Economics/wp/mathesonprosperity.pdf CBS (1998). Television, sponsorship revenue could top $800 million. CBS Sportsline wire reports. Retrieved 27 November 2007 from http://cbs.sportsline.com/u/olympics/nagano98/news/feb98/revenue2398.htm Country Update (2004). Practicality is the New Watchword as Beijing Olympics Projects Move Forward. Eunited Stataes Embassy, Beijing, China. Editorial (2004). Beijing Olympiad: Profit or Loss? China Today. 5th November. Retrieved 25 November 2007 from http://www1.china.org.cn/english/sports/111340.htm Editorial (2007). Glasgow 2014 – the bid legacy – after the event. Glasgow Business Guide. Retrieved 1 December 2007 from http://www.glasgowbusinessguide.co.uk/show_article.php?artID=156 Eurotec (2007) An Evaluation of the Commonwealth Games Legacy Programme. Retrieved 2 December 2007 from http://www.manchester.gov.uk/downloads/Evaluation_of_Commonwealth_Games_Legacy_programme.pdf Finance (2007). BOCOG Budget. Retrieved 26 November 2007 from http://images.beijing-2008.org/upload/lib/bidreport/zt5.pdf Fizel, John., Gustafson, Elizabeth and Hadley, Lawrence (1999). Sports Economics: Current Research. Praeger Publishers. Westport, US. Fort, Rodney D and Fizel, John (2004). International Sports Economics. Praeger Publishers. Westport, US. Gratton, Chris and Henry, Ian (2001) Sport in the City: The Role of Sport in Economic and Social Regeneration. Routledge. London, UK Humphreys, Jeffrey L and Plummer, Michael K (2003). The economic impact of hosting the 1996 summer Olympics. Retrieved 1 December 2007 from http://www.selig.uga.edu/forecast/olympics/OLYMTEXT.HTM Humphreys, Jeffrey M. and Michael K. Plummer (1995). The Economic Impact of Hosting the 1996 Summer Olympics. Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games. Atlanta, US.. Madden, John R (2002). The Economic Consequences of the Sydney Olympics: The CREA/Andersen Study. Current Issues In Tourism. Vol 5, No 1, pp.7-21. Owen, Jeffrey G (2005). Estimating the Cost and Benefit of Hosting the Olympic Games: What can Beijing expect from its 2008 Games. The Industrial Geographer. Fall 2005 Appendices Appendix 1 Table 1 BOCOG operating Budget Source: from http://images.beijing-2008.org/upload/lib/bidreport/zt5.pdf Table 2 BOCOG Construction costs Source: from http://images.beijing-2008.org/upload/lib/bidreport/zt5.pdf 1 Footnotes [1] Beijing Organising Committee for the Olympic Games

The Great Gatsby -The Valley of Ashes versus Toms House :: essays research papers

F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby is, at first sight, a novel about wealth, idealism, and social class. However it soon reveals its author’s true intensions and ideals. F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism to produce immense emotion. He not only uses it on the characters but on the places and even objects found in the novel. Two example of symbolism and what they truly represent are, The Valley of Ashes and Tom and Daisy’s house. The Valley of Ashes was first introduced in Chapter II, its located between West Egg and New York City, it consists of a long stretch of desolate land created by the dumping of industrial ashes. It represents the moral and social decay that results from being part of the lower class, as the rich only worry for their pleasures. The Valley of Ashes also symbolizes the unfortunate conditions of the lower class, like George and Myrtle Wilson, who live among the dirty ashes and lose their durability as a result. In other words, The Valley of ashes can also be referred to as â€Å"the symbol of failure of the American dream†. Tom and Daisy’s house is a fairly large and well elaborated colonial mansion, located on East Egg, the rich and prestigious side where only the people who are â€Å"truly rich† live, not the ones that have made their fortunes themselves. Tom and Daisy’s house is spacious, just like their marriage, but it has nice furniture and antiques so that it appears to be comfortable and old fashioned, and anyone would assume that a happy family lives in it. Tom and Daisy, like the house, are not really happy, or in love, but they have all the right properties and conveniences to cover up the real situation, their huge marital problems. Fitzgerald’s description of Tom Buchanan’s huge house not only symbolizes his marriage but Tom and his values. The red and white colors in the mansion represent his personality. Red in this case is an example of impurity and boldness, while white represents Tom’s superiority towards others. This huge house represents nothing but Tom and Daisy’s marital problems and Tom’s arrogant attitude. This two places and its inhabitants at first glance appear to be very

Neuropsychological Testing Essay example -- Health, Diseases, Brain Im

Neuropsychological testing is used to assess and diagnosis brain impairments, such as a head injury, dementia, or Alzheimer’s (Gregory, 1999). Purposes of neuropsychological assessments include determining if the problem is physiological (e.g., brain damage or lesion), the nature of the dysfunction (e.g., location or type), and cognitive deficits caused by the problem (Class Notes VIII). For example, following a brain injury, a neurological battery of tests may be given in order to assess the individual to see if there has been any change in cognitive functioning. Results from neurological assessments can provide information on the individual’s current mental capacities, which allows for the development of a specific diagnosis and an individualized treatment plan (Gregory, 1999). Additionally, these tests help document the effects of a progressive illness (i.e., Alzheimer’s) or can confirm the individual’s recovery (Gregory, 1999). Furthermore, if suspici on or referral questions about cognitive functioning are presented, then screening tests are often given beforehand to assess whether or not a neurological test battery or flexible battery is required. These screening tests are shorter versions that are easier to administer and interpret than the long intensive neurological test batteries (Gregory, 1999). A neuropsychological battery of assessments examines areas that are sensitive to brain trauma or disorders, such as intelligence, memory, language, visuospatial and motor abilities, and frontal lobe functioning. The WAIS is specifically useful to neuropsychological testing because it can be used to examine these same areas. The intelligence aspect is generally measured by a standard intelligence test like the WAIS-III or WAIS-I... ...r-level concept formation. Furthermore, reading ability on the WAIS-III can predict the score on the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WRAT). Some problems with using this approach is that reading is dependent on education and verbal abilities and brain damage can cause problems with reading ability (e.g., aphasias), so another test would have to be administered in the neuropsychological evaluation (Schoenberg et al., 2002). Overall, the WAIS can be a useful tool to include in a neuropsychological battery. It can help estimate a person’s premorbid IQ and some of the individual subtests can provide insight into the section of the brain that may be dysfunctional. However, the WAIS may also be a difficult test to use to estimate cognitive decline, because there are so many tasks involved in the WAIS tasks that it is hard to separate out what they real problem may be.

Top 10 Risks of Offshore Outsourcing

Top 10 Risks of Offshore Outsourcing Summary:  Offshore outsourcing is growing 20%-25% per annum, with little evidence of slowing. Indeed, while most enterprises experience initial resistance, most technical issues are readily resolved and geopolitical risk is deemed insignificant after careful evaluation. By Dean Davison | December 9, 2003 — 00:00 GMT (16:00 PST) Offshore outsourcing is growing 20%-25% per annum, with little evidence of slowing. Indeed, while most enterprises experience initial resistance, most technical issues are readily resolved and geopolitical risk is deemed insignificant after careful evaluation.Even the current political fervor about jobs being moved offshore via outsourcing is not impacting the demand or strategy of IT organizations. Offshore outsourcing will continue to grow as a â€Å"labor arbitrage† model until 2008/09. META Trend: During 2004/05, outsourcing will divide into commodity and transformational services. Infrastructure service s will mirror grid-computing structures and develop consumption-based pricing (a. k. a. , â€Å"utility services†). Through 2006/07, transformational services (e. g. application development maintenance and business process outsourcing) will segment along horizontal (function commonality) and vertical (specialized) business process/services outsourcing functions. Although vendors will attempt to bundle infrastructure with â€Å"value† services, clients will demand â€Å"line item† pricing by 2008/09. Through 2004/05, IT organizations will outsource discrete projects/functions offshore (e. g. , from application development projects to specific call center support). Growth will continue at 20%+.Offshore strategies by domestic vendors will shift business from large, integrated outsourcing contracts, but most IT organizations will still develop strategies that focus on pure-play offshore vendors. The top 10 risks of offshore outsourcing are as follows. 1. Cost-Reduct ion Expectations The biggest risk with offshore outsourcing has nothing to do with outsourcing – it involves the expectations the internal organization has about how much the savings from offshore will be. Unfortunately, many executives assume that labor arbitrage will yield savings comparable to person-to-person comparison (e. . , a full-time equivalent in India will cost 40% less) without regard for the hidden costs and differences in operating models. In reality, most IT organizations save 15%-25% during the first year; by the third year, cost savings often reach 35%-40% as companies â€Å"go up the learning curve† for offshore outsourcing and modify operations to align to an offshore model. 2. Data Security/Protection IT organizations evaluating any kind of outsourcing question whether vendors have sufficiently robust security practices and if vendors can meet the security requirements they have internally.While most IT organizations find offshore vendor security p ractices impressive (often exceeding internal practices), the risk of security breaks or intellectual property protection is inherently raised when working in international business. Privacy concerns must be completely addressed. Although these issues rarely pose major impediments to outsourcing, the requirements must be documented and the methods and integration with vendors defined. 3. Process Discipline (CMM) The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) becomes an important measure of a company’s readiness to adopt an offshore model.Offshore vendors require a standardized and repeatable model, which is why CMM Level 5 is a common characteristic. META Group observes that approximately 70% of IT organizations are at CMM Level 1 – creating a gap that is compensated for by additional vendor resources on-site (see  Figure 1). Companies lacking internal process model maturity will undermine potential cost savings. 4. Loss of Business Knowledge Most IT organizations have business knowledge that resides within the developers of applications. In some cases, this expertise may be a proprietary or competitive advantage.Companies must carefully assess business knowledge and determine if moving it either outside the company or to an offshore location will compromise company practices. 5. Vendor Failure to Deliver A common oversight for IT organizations is a contingency plan – what happens if the vendor, all best intentions and contracts aside, simply fails to deliver. Although such failures are exceptions, they do occur, even with the superb quality methodologies of offshore vendors. When considering outsourcing, IT organizations should assess the implications of vendor failure (i. . , does failure have significant business performance implications? ). High risk or exposure might deter the organization from outsourcing, it might shift the outsourcing strategy (e. g. , from a single vendor to multiple vendors), or it might drive the company toward outsourci ng (if the vendor has specific skills to reduce risks). The results of risk analysis vary between companies; it is the process of risk analysis that is paramount. 6. Scope Creep There is no such thing as a fixed-price contract.All outsourcing contracts contain baselines and assumptions. If the actual work varies from estimates, the client will pay the difference. This simple fact has become a major obstacle for IT organizations that are surprised that the price was not â€Å"fixed† or that the vendor expects to be paid for incremental scope changes. Most projects change by 10%-15% during the development cycle. 7. Government Oversight/Regulation Utilities, financial services institutions, and healthcare organizations, among others, face various degrees of government oversight.These IT organizations must ensure that the offshore vendor is sensitive to industry-specific requirements and the vendor’s ability to: 1) comply with government regulations; and 2) provide suffici ent â€Å"transparency† showing that it does comply and is thus accountable during audits. The issue of transparency is becoming more significant as requirements such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act place greater burdens of accountability on all American corporations. 8. Culture A representative example: although English is one official language in India, pronunciation and accents can vary tremendously.Many vendors put call center employees through accent training. In addition, cultural differences include religions, modes of dress, social activities, and even the way a question is answered. Most leading vendors have cultural education programs, but executives should not assume that cultural alignment will be insignificant or trivial. 9. Turnover of Key Personnel Rapid growth among outsourcing vendors has created a dynamic labor market, especially in Bangalore, India. Key personnel are usually in demand for new, high-profile projects, or even at risk of bein g recruited by other offshore vendors.While offshore vendors will often quote overall turnover statistics that appear relatively low, the more important statistic to manage is the turnover of key personnel on an account. Common turnover levels are in the 15%-20% range, and creating contractual terms around those levels is a reasonable request. Indeed, META Group has seen recent contracts that place a â€Å"liability† on the vendor for any personnel that must be replaced. The impact of high turnover has an indirect cost on the IT organization, which must increase time spend on knowledge transfer and training new individuals. 0. Knowledge Transfer The time and effort to transfer knowledge to the vendor is a cost rarely accounted for by IT organizations. Indeed, we observe that most IT organizations experience a 20% decline in productivity during the first year of an agreement, largely due to time spent transferring both technical and business knowledge to the vendor. Many offsh ore vendors are deploying video conferencing (avoiding travel) and classroom settings (creating one-to-many transfer) to improve the efficacy of knowledge transfer.In addition, employee turnover often places a burden on the IT organization to provide additional information for new team members. Business Impact: Offshore outsourcing can reduce IT expenditures by 15%-25% within the first year. Longer term, process improvements often make great impacts on both cost savings and the quality of IT services delivered. Bottom Line: As IT organizations consider the vast benefits and allure of offshore outsourcing, they must balance the risks and uncertainties with the potential for labor arbitrage.Strategic Decision Challenges Researchers have applied different perspectives to understand sourcing decision, the key among them being production and transaction cost economics (Ang & Straub, 1998), resource-based views (RBV), and resource-dependence views (Teng et al. , 1995). The Resource-Based View (RBV) argues that a firm’s competitive advantage depends heavily on its resources, as well as how these are used. Resources that are valuable and rare can lead to the creation of competitive advantage (Wade & Hulland, 2004).Competitive advantage can be sustained over longer time periods to the extent that the firm is able to protect against resource imitation, transfer, or substitution. The knowledge-based theory (KBV) of the firm considers knowledge as the most strategically significant resource of the firm. Its proponents argue that, because knowledge-based resources are usually difficult to imitate and socially complex, heterogeneous knowledge bases and capabilities among firms are the major determinants of sustained competitive advantage and superior corporate performance.There is certain level of paradox in outsourcing when viewed from RBV or KBV prisms. Proponents of outsourcing have often used RBV to justify outsourcing decisions. The lack of resources, or resourc e gaps, that a firm has can also be rectified by acquiring resources from outside the firm boundaries by souring arrangement (Teng et al. , 1995). Outsourcing has been considered as a part of the way that firms assemble knowledge from suppliers (Shi et al. , 2005). Thus, information systems (IS) outsourcing can be seen as a mechanism to integrate IS knowledge from IS vendors.Knowledge sharing by both, client and supplier sides, is considered to be a success factor in outsourcing (Lee, 2001). However, some researchers have raised concerns regarding the potential loss of internal know-how through IS outsourcing (Willcocks et al. , 2004) and the potential loss of intellectual property (Chen et al. ,2002; Evaristo et al. , 2005). Outsourcing involves the inherent risk of forgoing the development of the knowledge base of the firm. Hoecht and Trott (2006) argues that innovative capability of the firm is largely dependent on cumulative knowledge built up over many years of experience.Innov ative ability cannot be simply bought and sold. Earl (1996) argues that innovation needs slack resources, organic and fluid organizational processes, and experimental and entrepreneurial competences – all attributes that external sourcing does not guarantee. Aron (2005) describes these risks as the long-term intrinsic risks of atrophy. These risks are an inevitable byproduct of the process of outsourcing. Over time, if a company outsources an activity completely, it loses the core group of people who were familiar with it. They retire, they leave for employment where their skills are more alued, or they simply become less technically competent and out of date. Reliance on outsourcing is problematic, not only because key areas of expertise may be gradually lost to the outsourcing organization but also because outside providers may not have the desired leading edge expertise over the long-term (Earl, 1996) or may spread their expertise among many clients so that it degrades fro m core competency to mere industry standard. Hoecht & Trott (2006) remind senior managers of the harm that may be inflicted on the ability of the organization to survive in the long term if its core competencies are slowly eroded through outsourcing.A related issue is that of the strategic intent (DiRomualdo & Gurbaxani, 1998) behind the offshore outsourcing decision by organizations. Strategic intent in this context can range from an improvement in the IS unit of the organization (which generally provides the lowest degree of benefits), an improvement in the business processes of the overall organization, or a commercial intent to generate profits by developing core expertise in the domain of outsourced IT service (Kishore et al. , 2004–2005).The commercial intent is exemplified in the oft-cited case of American Airlines who established a new subsidiary to sell airline reservation related services commercially to other airlines and travel agents using Sabre, its airline rese rvation system, and to generate new revenues and profits from this line of business. Strategic intent behind outsourcing is an important challenge as it has been shown that stock market reacts favorably and rewards companies when they outsource with an intent of creating the maximum returns for the firm (Agrawal et al. 2006). On the vendor side, vendors can develop their expertise through building knowledge from experiences and holding the knowledge for competitive advantage. Szulanski (Szulanski, 1996) identifies lack of incentives, lack of confidence, turf protection, and the â€Å"not invented here† syndrome as motivational factors potentially influencing knowledge transfer in outsourcing arrangements.This two-sided nature of knowledge transfer is expected to create asymmetric information leading to outsourcing failures. From a client’s view several challenges then arise including deciding what is the right proportion of IT function insourced or outsourced, and what IT application should be outsourced or kept within for strategic reasons.

Nursing Home and Health

Employers have responsibilities to protect the health, safety and well-being of users, employees and other people who might be in their organisation. Employers must do whatsoever it takes to achieve it. This means ensuring that staff and others are protected from anything that may cause harm, efficiently controlling any risks to injury or health that might arise in the workplace. It is an obligation for the employers to create health and safety environment in the workplace and they must follow the policies, legislation and laws which is enforces by the government and local agencies.Employers must take part in determining and identifying hazards and risks in the organisations. They must ensure that all the equipment which are being used to serve users are well checked and maintained the quality to avoid equipment related injuries and hazards. They will arrange training for the staffs regarding health and safety in their organisation. They will help staffs to increase their knowledge r egarding their service and health and safety. They will do regular risk assessment in the organisation.Managers and supervisors must supervise employees and monitor their work regularly and make ure that employees are following organisation's policies and laws correctly. t any statt having some problem or doing something wrong, managers and supervisor therefore will help them to solve the problem or correct them. They will implement health and safety policies and laws in the organisation and monitor procedures and practices regularly. The employees' right is to work in a safe and healthy environment which are given by law and normally can not be changed or removed by employer.It is the employee's duty to follow and maintain the health and safety guidelines and procedures for all ime. They are the responsible to provide health and safety to the users and themselves. They will look for potential harm and hazards and injuries in the workplace and report those immediately to managers or supervisor, to take appropriate actions against those matters. Poor knowledge and skills may cause injuries and harm in the workplace for poor handling of equipment and tools. Large equipment must keep out of the way for safety reasons.Equipment and tools must be handling with proper knowledge otherwise it may cause serious harm and injuries to staffs and users. Chemicals and medicines must be kept in secured place which must be locked for all time and only certain people have access to those. Service users also follow the health and safety policies and procedures for themselves to keep them away from potential hazards and dangerous situations. 1. 3 Analyze are the health ; safety priorities in a workplace. Health and safety policies and procedures play an important role to maintain healthy and good environment in the workplace for users, and workers.It is vital to follow and maintain health and safety policies as it safes eople from harm and injuries and help staffs to accomplish their work on time and increase their efficiency. Healthy and safe environment gives workers the opportunity to do their best as much as possible. Users and others will feel secure as they are being cared correctly and given the best quality of service and they do not worry about workplace related accidents and risks. Sometimes carer has to perform physical works like lifting heavy objects, positioning and transporting/ transferring users.By doing this type of work carer need concentration about what they are doing or about to do. A slightest mistake in positioning, movements or stepping may cause serious injuries to the users or care workers. Users who is suffering from various problems like visual impairment, hearing and balance problems and so on. Visual impairment like blurring of vision as people gets older, unable to identify light and color and hyperemia, myopia and so on cause burns, bumping to wall or objects, going to the wrong room or place, taking the wrong medication an d so on. Hearing and balance problem causes fracture and head injuries.Other common accidents of elder peoples are cognitive disorders, osteoporosis, and arthritis and so on. Healthy and safe environment minimise the occurrence of accidents. Authorities are responsible for setting policies, priorities and implementation in the workplace. Employers or home care managers will ensure health and safety for the employees first and then for the users. It is recommended to provide neat and well ventilated environment in the health and social care setting. All the setting will be properly titted in the health care settings like carpets should not be tolded or wiring must not be in the busy spaces and open.Stocks and documents are properly arranged according to the function and frequency of use. Warning systems are properly implemented in the workplace as staff can notice any risk immediately. Staff must be aware of health and safety guidelines. Ignorance of policies will augment health and safety related risk and injuries in the workplace. Any appropriate training must be providing to the staff to use risky equipment. First aid kits will be available in the working area and if any occurrence happens they will take immediate aid for reducing the injury or damage.Support handles and hand rails will be provided sufficiently to those places where people pass more frequently or the area with high ossibilities of falls and trips. For preventing slipping rubber mats will be used. There will be emergency evacuation passage in the working place. Cleanliness is very important for health and safety. A clean environment is less vulnerable to get diseases. Food poisoning may happen for poor food sanitation, storage and preparation. Cook must be aware of proper food sanitation and food handling. Toilet, kitchen and public activity room must clean and clean regularly.Staff must clean their hands with sanitisation before start their work or serving any users. All kind of waste will b e managed and disposed properly. Sharp objects should be placed in puncture resistant containers prior to disposal. By following the above mentioned process it is possible to maintain health and safety in the health and social care workplace. 2. 1 Analyze how information from risk assessment helps in care planning of a workplace. What is a care plan? Each user must have they own care plan such as: care home, residential care home, hospital and day center.User's care plan will cover: Their eligible needs How they would like to achieve their goals They pass life and family members Health condition and medication They diet Any support that carers or other are willing and able to provide, and carers views A risk assessment, including any actions that will be taken to manage risks Who should be contact in case of emergencies The name of the person responsible for implementing, monitoring and reviewing the care plan The date of the next review of the care plan The care plan should be revi ewed after the first three months, and then at least annually.The review looks at whether the goals that were identified in the care plan are being met. It should also review these goals to make sure they are still ppropriate, and check that any risk assessments are up to date. Risk assessment is a compulsory and essential in the workplace to ensure health and safety. The risk assessment comprises identification of risks and hazards, which is responsible for that and who will be affected by risks and hazards and how to minimise risks and improve the health and safety condition in the workplace.After doing the risk assessment, manager and supervisor will get some useful information which will help them to formulate a plan of care. The purpose of risk assessment is to protect users and care providers trom abuse, harms and risks The first step ot risk assessment is to identify the causes, things, situations and practices which may create risk in a working environment. Risks in the work place are chemical or devices, work environment setup hazards, disorganised wiring, slippery flooring, loose carpets, high stacks of boxes, disorganised stuffs and cluttered pathways and so on. https://donemyessay.com/5-rights-of-nursing-delegation/An expertise or an officer will observe the workplace and identify those substances which may create harm and risk in the workplace. This help to concern staff and avoid those harms and risk occurring in the workplace. The second step is to identify ho are at risk for those hazards. An experienced and skilled person will serve the infected person or who is vulnerable of those risk. Vulnerable persons are exposed minimally or prevented in such a way that they will fall less in injuries or accidents. The third step is to make a plan which is a combination of prevention and solution to minimise risks in the actual care plans.After making the plan, all the plans are executed and implemented. After the implementation, plans are reviewed regularly and revised if necessary. 2. 2 Analyze the impact of health & safety policy on health social care practice and its customers. Healthy and safety working condition is very beneficial to all pe ople who directly and indirectly related to health and social care practice. Health and safety policies have impact on the practice and the institution, the employers, staff and service users.Carer likes to demonstrate their effort and show their best performance in healthy and safe working environment. If employees are free from illness and injuries they are ready to work more and increase their efficiency. Any staff who works in a healthy and safety environment they will do their est to stay in the Job for longer time and they become satisfied. Healthy and safe environment improves the quality of practice as staff is free from hazards at their working place. Also users become beneficial for health and safety policies practice.Therefore users won't be worried because they are served by safe hands. Users are confident about their health and safety and they feel safe to stay in the health and social care setting. A service user will be at easy to get service from familiar care worker s whom he/her knew before. A care worker becomes trustworthy to a service ser and he/her can serve the user for longer period of time. The practice of health and safety is very important for an organisation as it provides healthy and safe environment to the staff, service users and so on.Organisations face fewer losses and risks and threats if health and safety policies are practicing properly in the organisation. 2. 3 Explain what are the ethical dilemmas faced by the care worker when ensuring health ; safety of client. What is a dilemma? It is a situation when someone has difficulty to make a choice between two or more things. Users, families, and carer sometimes face difficult decisions about medical reatments that involve moral principles, religious beliefs, or professional guidelines.Health care ethics is a thoughtful exploration of how to act in the right way and make good choices, based on beliefs and values about life, health, suffering, and death. The most common ethical di lemma arise when a user do not want to take their medicine which is very much important to control their current medical condition. According to the legislation, service users have the right to refuse treatment. They have the right to stop medication at any time they want but it is the care worker duty to prevent etrimental complication in the medication routine.In here, care worker faces ethical dilemmas as users do not want to take medicine and it is their responsibility to render services to the users to promote health and well-being. Sometimes this kind of situation can leads to serious issues like for not taking medicine, the user died and a case is filed against the carer. If the care worker forces the user to take the medication, it will break the user's rights and it will be consider as abuse. Sometimes users refuse to be cleaned which is very dangerous for them as they seriously njured by open wounds, surgical wounds or ulcers.If the wounds is not properly clean it's may ca use serious infections. Some users who are having mobility impaired will not take help from carer because they want to be independent. It is the users right to decide either they will take the help or not but it is a big risk. If the user falls in an accident for not taking help from the care worker, care worker may sue for neglecting their work and responsibilities. Ethical dilemmas are a complex and diverse issue in health and social care work. Sometimes care workers face some kind f ethical dilemmas when ensuring health and safety of the users.

Managing in Hospitality Organizations

IntroductionThe role of management in an organization, especially employee management, is crucial and determines the performance and success of the organization. It is thus essential to measure and address employee apprehension towards any change of scenario within the organization. This paper addresses employee management methods to bring about a change in their perception of a new scenarios as desirable and motivating. This involves bringing a strong shift from an intuitive stance of opposing change that stems for inertial comfort in the current setup.This paper is centered on the decision of a hotel owner to change the target clientele of the hotel from international tourists to the high-end market. The five star hotel ‘Walkerhill’ is located in the suburbs, quite far from the International airport and has this disadvantage over its competitors in terms of location. However this change would possibly be met with resistance from employees and managers, many of whom hav e worked for about 10 years. This paper puts forth approaches and methods to amiably change the perception of employees and managers at two levels – the group level and at an individual level. The objective is to convince them to adopt the changes in full trust and enthusiasm and make the new setup a successful and high-performance driven one.The next two sections discuss methods that can be employed at a group level. The first section concentrates on interpersonal behavior in the organization. It suggests how manager and employee groups can be amiably convinced about the necessity for change by acquiring their trust and involving them in the decision making process, while keeping the change in place.The second section emphasizes on the importance of a good team and processes that help in bringing about the change productively. The third section addresses coping up with organizational change at the individual level. It describes how the owner and management can communicate wi th the employees to reduce apprehensions and stress about the impending change and make them comfortable.The fourth and last section describes the role motivation plays in bringing about a positive change and high performance within an organization. Organizational changes if implemented as a drive to seek higher goals that require increased challenges, positive change in atmosphere and a renewed recognition of individual performance and achievement, can transform the common apprehension into an openly received change.Group level Interpersonal Behavior in the Workplace To convince the management, the owner must be able to communicate his ideas, logic and perceptions clearly. The owner might face some difficulty in bringing this change, since the managers have been around for long, and probably know their trade well as much as hold a strong affinity for their experience in the setup. However, there is an amicable possibility for this change.One of the things that the owner can do is g ain the trust of his managers. However, it cannot be a calculus-based approach to trust or an identification-based approach – it has to be brought through organizational citizenship behavior. Specifically, the owner has to make sure that each member of the management is treated fairly. For instance, with this issue he must give each and every one a chance to voice out his/her opinion regarding upgrading the hotel and explain why he or she is against it. This will let them know that even though the owner’s ideas may be in conflict with those of the management, the owner still values their knowledge and respects their position as managers.Once they all get their chance to share their thoughts, the owner should then explain his side, but without apparently competing with his managers about the better plan, as this will only create friction, in the form of substantive conflict and it will be even more difficult to convince the management to upgrade the hotel. Instead, the party should negotiate or bargain, and try to find a common ground. Since everyone has had his/her side heard under this approach, they can address the questions surrounding the issue of why upgrading to a 5-star hotel might be a bad idea, and what can be done to turn this around, to compensate for or resolve it.Lastly, the owner should try to control his emotions when explaining his side. No matter how harsh or how blunt the management may be, regarding his decisions as â€Å"unnecessary†, the owner must remain emotionally stable. The same goes for the management—if one of them suddenly starts raising his voice, he should be calmed down before proceeding with the meeting. They should also be reminded of their positions—they are managers, not owners—and should respect the owner’s authority over them. The owner himself should not push his weight around.Group Processes and Work Teams At Walkerhill, we value good teamwork, since good teams are more pr oductive.   To accomplish this, most productive teams must be assembled to maximize the value of their productivity.A highly productive team must be assembled that offers maximum productivity. There are no absolute set of rules to follow in assembling a good team, since every situation is different and no two minds think alike.   However, through case studies we will show guidelines in building a good team.A way to build a good team here is to incorporate healthy acceptance of changes required for a new setup that caters to a different clientele, that is, the shift from serving tourists to a high-end market.   We must incorporate this attitude into the leaders of the hotel, which means this kind of training must start with the managers.   We believe change of attitude is infectious, so changing a negative minded manager into one with a positive mindset towards the hotel’s changes isn’t just adding a positive mind but eliminating one negative mind and adding a p ositive mind.An example we would like to use is to convince the managers that instead of changing our clientele from tourists to the high-end market, we are adding or broadening our market to increase/diversify our target market.   This approach may also assure the employees that we are not abandoning our tourist market.   A positive manager is far more impactful than a positive employee.However, the manager of the team can’t influence the team much if the managers and the employees are not close.   The levels of bonds between the team members are called group cohesiveness.   To strengthen the level of group cohesiveness, we like to use two determinants of cohesiveness: group size and history of success.   We like to minimize the size of each team so the teams can work to their full potential.We can’t put a specific number of individuals per team because the need of minimum number of individuals is different for each department.   Of course, we would not be hesitant to add more individuals to a team if needed.   By minimizing the number of members needed to perform at a high grade, we can cut the labor cost and limit the level of social loafing because smaller groups eliminate social loafing.We also believe that competitiveness is good to have within the organization.   To promote this, we would have a chart indicating which teams had the best performance compared to ones in similar departments.   In addition, the winners would be rewarded for their hard work.   The reward system would reward monthly/annually and individuals/teams.   A 360 degrees approach would be applied to the feedback collection system in order to incorporate feedback at all levels within the organization to help it run more efficiently.Coping with Organizational Life: Stress and Careers In the hotel’s situation, we can raise the issue about the stress in terms of individual level. Usually, people do not like change. Some people feel scared when t hey face some change in their life. In the hotel’s case, the managers and employees were being asked for a big change by the owner of the hotel. As is the common psychology, the managers and employees did not like the change. They wanted to keep the same conditions in the hotel’s operation.In this situation, we can suppose that the managers and employees would have got some psychological pressures such as fear, uncertainty, overload, and heavy responsibility from the sudden request. We can also suppose that they would have suffered from a lot of stress by the pressures. We recognize that the owner should deal with the issue about the managers and employees’ psychological pressures and stress. In short, the owner should consider how he can relieve the managers and employees from the psychological pressures and stress, so for them to accept the new change without any resistance.As a key solution of the situation, we can think of the owner’s effective commun ications skills. The effective communications skills should include the following key points: a reasonable basis for the change, a positive and successful prospect from the change, and vast benefits for managers and employees.As the reasonable basis for the change, the owner can suggest a few examples such as decrease of the foreign tourists, or increase of the demand of the domestic high –end market. In the respect of the positive and successful prospect from the change, the owner can also represent several examples such as upgraded brand image of the hotel, more effectiveness in hotel’s operation, and increase of the profits.   In the respect of the benefit for managers and employees, the owner can suggest a few promises such as more improved work environment, higher valued position for the managers and employees, and wage raise.Through those effective communications skills, the owner would indicate the positive aspects for the change, and, through those positive a spects, he would gradually relieve the psychological pressures and stress existing within the managers and employees. As the result, we can expect that the mangers and employees would accept the change without any resistance.Motivating People to Work Towards a Change One consequential factor in making the employees of an organization accept a change and increase performance in the new scenario is motivation. Once the managers are open to the change, the next step is to cascade the motivation, benefits and ownership of the change down to the employees. This can be done at various levels through a combination of different approaches.The first step towards motivating employees to perform at a maximum level of creativity and be a valuable asset to an organization is to ensure that their basic needs are being met. The change should be perceived as enhancing the facilities that meet their lower and rudimentary needs, like good salary for personal needs, an environment that is physically a nd psychologically safe to work in and is conductive to social affiliation and professional bonding. Once an employee finds that these things are in place, and a change will only enhance these factors, maximized performance, desire for success and recognition of accomplishments come naturally.Another step that motivates people is the urge to fill the gap between differences of outcomes and efforts in a job and turn relationships into equitable ones where ratios of outcome/input are similar between their colleagues and co-workers. This factor can be employed to increase motivation at two levels. One is by showing that the change put the employees at par in benefits with employees of other luxury hotels, who may be enjoying more remuneration for the similar responsibilities. The second approach is to introduce transparency in the organization so that employees are aware of roles that are fulfilled responsibly and achieve a good outcome/input ratio, thus stimulating them to model it.Th e hotel should have a very transparent scenario for rewarding and growth that makes the employees aware that a good performance is visible and appreciated at the top-most organizational level. The employees feel motivated to increase effort to enhance performance and are confident of being recognized and rewarded. This also recursively adds to the atmosphere of the organization and keeps people happy, which in turn also enhances motivation and appreciation of a conductive setup.One important approach to making employees work towards a new scenario is setting new goals and making them recognize the challenges of a higher goal level. Combined with a reassurance in the possibility of attaining the feasible yet possibly difficult end, goal setting enhances performance strongly by inducing a desire to reach a goal and feel competent while realizing self-efficacy. Difficult tasks and high goal commitment together maximize performance as opposed to low commitment. To achieve this specific, high performance goals need to be defined. Goals should be difficult yet feasible. This should be combined with feedback, which facilitates in gauging goal attainment. And lastly, this should be allowed time as it takes some time to reach and sustain performance at the new level.A new scenario brings about new job responsibilities. Jobs should be designed as to increase the motivation and performance of the employees. Each role should be designed as to appear inherently appealing. Jobs can include more number of tasks at the same level of responsibility and skills (horizontal loading) or with higher levels of skills and responsibilities (vertical loading). The new role should make people feel that they are doing meaningful and valuable work.Meaningfulness of a work is impacted by skills variety, degree to which a task requires responsibility from beginning to end (task identity) and task significance , as to the impact it has on others. Responsibility for outcome of work is determi ned by autonomy the employees have in determining their own task plan, schedule, etc. Knowledge of the actual result of activities is driven by feedback. This gives the employees a measure of their growth and development. All these together result in employee motivation, performance and satisfaction.ConclusionAn organization operates successfully as a function of the employees’ motivation, committed performance, sense of ownership, growth and satisfaction. While any organization constantly changes and evolves during its life, a sharp change almost always accompanies with employee insecurity and apprehension. Thus it requires foresight, planned and calculated effort to assuage the employee mindset and make it welcome the changed scenario as positive. This requires employing various methods at group and individual levels to make the benefits of change apparent.It is important to involve the employee as a part owner of the change and be a proactive participant in the action plan for the change. This also helps the top decision-makers and owners see details that may have been overlooked in planning the strategy to meet change.The organizational modifications can be brought about successfully through adopting productive processes and forming productive teams. Good teams come with a good degree group cohesiveness and healthy competition.Changes come with employee stress and insecurity, which need to be specifically addressed by the top-level management. An organization needs to show the employee it cares, and the key to this is effective communication. Measures need to be taken to overcome individual stress.Lastly, a positive atmosphere is a predecessor of good performance. The rudimentary needs like comfort and security of employees should be enhanced so that they can concentrate on achieving success and maximizing their level of creativity. Awareness of the organizational roles and at par rival-organization roles gives employees impetus to fill the gap in t he ratio of outcome versus input. A positive variation inspires positive traversal.An organization that is transparent and rewarding inspires employees to expect reward for personal effort and makes them go that extra mile. Well defined, challenging yet achievable goals ensure high employee commitment. In addition job roles defined to increase the skills levels used, ownership of a task life and marked by impactful tasks augment the meaningfulness of the work. Autonomy in choosing the action plan for task enhances sense of responsibility. Additionally, feedback enhances measure of goal attainment thus resulting in an employee’s professional growth. All of this together contribute to the performance, satisfaction and motivation of the employees and result in low absenteeism and turnover.